Experimentation in Music Essay -- Musicians Songs Art Essays

Experimentation in Music For thousands of years, music has been a part of people’s lives and has evolved through many different forms over time. Music is the art of arranging sounds in time so as to produce a continuous, unified, and evocative composition, as through melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre (American Heritage). One important component of analyzing music is whether it has musical value. In other words, music does not have to be organized sound or produced by instruments. This is what composers and artists of experimental music discover. Experimental music is an art form, makes use of instruments or other items that can produce sound, and can alter or expand the basic foundations of music and musicality. These are the key elements that define experimental music. The genre that is experimental music essentially consists of music and sound that is different than any conventional music written before it. Though nearly all new types of music begin with experimentation of some kind, experimental music has become a specific category of its own in music. In this type of music, sounds and music are redefined and organized in a new way. There is sometimes a visual aspect to experimental music as well. The audience and performance are vital parts of the musical experience to these composers. Methods of sound production, time, and notation are also important aspects of experimental music. These are some of the essential qualities of this type of music as many musical ideas and theories are changed and altered. Experimental music is an art form. Because music is an art form, it can be open to interpretation and creativity. Composers write the music that they want to write because of the way they perceive mus... ...and changes or alters the concepts and perceptions of music. This genre seeks to experiment with sounds in a completely different way than conventional music does. Everything from the audience to musical notation is reconsidered and presented in a new, original manner. It is an important part of the perception and development of music. As musical concepts and technology change, experimental music will continue to modify and broaden the definition of music. Works Cited â€Å"Music.† American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Fourth ed. 2000. Davies, John Booth. The Psychology of Music. Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press, 1978. Ewen, David. Composers of Tomorrow’s Music. Cornwall , NY : The Cornwall Press, Inc., 1971. Nyman, Michael. Experimental Music: Cage and beyond. Hampshire , Great Britain : BAS Printers Limited, 1974. Experimentation in Music Essay -- Musicians Songs Art Essays Experimentation in Music For thousands of years, music has been a part of people’s lives and has evolved through many different forms over time. Music is the art of arranging sounds in time so as to produce a continuous, unified, and evocative composition, as through melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre (American Heritage). One important component of analyzing music is whether it has musical value. In other words, music does not have to be organized sound or produced by instruments. This is what composers and artists of experimental music discover. Experimental music is an art form, makes use of instruments or other items that can produce sound, and can alter or expand the basic foundations of music and musicality. These are the key elements that define experimental music. The genre that is experimental music essentially consists of music and sound that is different than any conventional music written before it. Though nearly all new types of music begin with experimentation of some kind, experimental music has become a specific category of its own in music. In this type of music, sounds and music are redefined and organized in a new way. There is sometimes a visual aspect to experimental music as well. The audience and performance are vital parts of the musical experience to these composers. Methods of sound production, time, and notation are also important aspects of experimental music. These are some of the essential qualities of this type of music as many musical ideas and theories are changed and altered. Experimental music is an art form. Because music is an art form, it can be open to interpretation and creativity. Composers write the music that they want to write because of the way they perceive mus... ...and changes or alters the concepts and perceptions of music. This genre seeks to experiment with sounds in a completely different way than conventional music does. Everything from the audience to musical notation is reconsidered and presented in a new, original manner. It is an important part of the perception and development of music. As musical concepts and technology change, experimental music will continue to modify and broaden the definition of music. Works Cited â€Å"Music.† American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Fourth ed. 2000. Davies, John Booth. The Psychology of Music. Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press, 1978. Ewen, David. Composers of Tomorrow’s Music. Cornwall , NY : The Cornwall Press, Inc., 1971. Nyman, Michael. Experimental Music: Cage and beyond. Hampshire , Great Britain : BAS Printers Limited, 1974.

Hardware and Software Selection Essay

Accounting Cycle Description Paper An organization’s accounting information system includes collecting information then dividing the information into cycles. This paper will identify the five accounting cycles and specifically how Riordan Manufacturing uses the expenditure cycle. The strengths and weaknesses of the internal controls related to the expenditure cycle will be examined. This paper will explain how to integrate the expenditure cycle into an enterprise-wide accounting information system. The various types of information systems necessary to achieve this integration will be illustrated. Lastly, this paper will demonstrate the flow of accounting information through Riordan Manufacturing. Accounting Cycles The five accounting cycles are the revenue, expenditure, financing, fixed-asset, and conversion cycles. Each has its specific function within the accounting system. Almost every company uses the first four accounting cycles, not all will use the conversion cycle. As a company grows, it is important for management and employees to understand the reasons for each accounting cycle and ways the information needs to flow. The accounting cycles build upon each other. Without the revenue cycle, none of the other cycles would come into play. Once a company has revenue producing activities, the expenditure cycle is necessary to pay the bills incurred in producng the goods required for the revenue cycle. The financing cycle is necessary to give the company availability to purchase the necessary buildings and machinery for production along with making sure there are funds for the shareholders. The fixed-asset cycle records depreciation on the buildings and machinery along with the disposal of said items. The conversion cycle is important to manufacturing companies who use cost accounting to determine production costs. Table 1 (UOP, 2009),  explains each phase of the accounting cycle and what documents and ledger accounts are affected by that cycle. Source: University of Phoenix Week 1 â€Å"Read Me First† Riordan Manufacturing uses the expenditure cycle by generating purchase orders and receiving reports to track their purchases. Riordan then uses these documents to request payment for the purchases. Riordan uses HRIS to keep track of employee hours, pay rates, vacation and holiday time then uses this information to generate payroll checks. The company also has sales personnel who submit expense reports for reimbursement of expenses incurred during sales calls. Riordan Manufacturing uses purchasing and payroll records to determine the amount of taxes necessary to pay for sales tax, FICA, FUTA, SUTA and any other taxes due. Internal Controls In order to meet goals and objectives, organizations such as Riordan Manufacturing, establish internal controls. Internal control is the plan of organization and methods a business uses to safeguard assets, provide accurate and reliable information, promote and improve operational efficiency, and encourage adherence to prescribed managerial policies, laws, and regulations (UOP, 2009). In looking specifically at the expenditure cycle, Riordan Manufacturing has both strong and weak internal controls. Strengths include internal controls in operations and quality control. To ensure consistency of operations and quality control, Riordan Manufacturing manages receipts of raw materials, tracks product, and accounts for finished goods inventories. Internal controls include the sales department  completing the sales orders and entering them into customer shipping and billing system. Shipping then loads the sales orders and inventory clerk updates the inventory system based on those shipping documents. Another example is the production reports. They include a project name, document history including the revision date, approvals, and distribution. Project history data is archived in an approved location. However, weaknesses in Riordan Manufacturing’s human resource department are abundant. Employee files are kept by individual managers instead of by human resources in a central employee file area under lock and key. Changes to personal information such as name, marital status, and exemptions are submitted by employee managers which should be requested by employees not their managers. A third-party provider keeps its own records of employees on workers’ compensation but Riordan does not. Excel spreadsheets which include training and development records, applicant information, and individual compensation decisions are kept in unsecure areas and accessible to anyone . Enterprise-wide In order to integrate the expenditure cycle into an enterprise-wide accounting information system, Riordan management should examine the human resource department method of handling employee records. For instance, in an enterprise-wide system, the accounting information system should focus on four objectives including strategic, operations, reporting, and compliance. In order for a business process management system to be implemented, the managers of the company need to evaluate certain criteria of the human resource department which can affect the expenditure cycle. First, management needs to identify the objectives of the human resource department in regards to employee records. This has a direct impact on the strategic objective of the enterprise-wide system. Secondly, the input function needs to be reevaluated. For instance, since the company has four different branches, all input data should be on one method of input. This analysis and pending action would increase the operations function. Thirdly, output time would radically increase for all four branches. The types of output Riordan should consider are the compliance and reporting objectives of the enterprise-wide system. Furthermore, to have the expenditure cycle  implemented, this would decrease the amount of time that Riordan is taking to report expenses. Necessary Information Systems for Integration The various types of information systems necessary to achieve this integration would include analyzing the following: hardware, software, data, people, and procedures (Bagranoff, Simkin, and Strand, 2008.) Three types of controls necessary to keep in mind include preventive, detective, and corrective. The company has already established computer hardware for each of the four branches. In order to determine a software accounting program, the company needs to establish policies and procedures in regards to source documents. This has a direct impact on the data that is accumulated for the company. In order for payroll processing to take effect, personal action forms and employee payroll deduction authorization forms should be established. Riordan should consider a SOX Assurance and Compliance Application. Additionally, only managers should have access to company records. All records, electronic or hard copy should be kept in one central location, thus the use of privacy management information software. Furthermore, policies and procedures for all departments should be retained with a records management system. Flow of Accounting Information The flow of accounting information regarding inventory begins with a log of raw materials and shipping documents which are supervisor approved and taken to an inventory clerk who enters the information into the inventory system. Once entered into the inventory system, accounting personnel can pay supplier invoices. An inventory usage form is provided by the manufacturing staff to the inventory clerk to be entered into the inventory system which tracks raw materials and subassemblies. Manufacturing also provides the inventory clerk with an inventory form accounting for subassemblies and final products when added into the inventory system. In the final product shipping process, sales orders are created and entered into the customer shipping and billing system. Shipping prepares the loads according the sales order information generated and ships accordingly. Then accounting can prepare the invoice after matching the sales order with the inventory system which illustrates the goods shipp ed. Each of the three operating entities of Riordan Manufacturing has their own accounting system. Therefore the systems are not compatible which makes the consolidation of information at the corporate office difficult and labor intensive. Much information is conveyed via email and spreadsheets. Employee personal information changes are requested through a written form and are entered into the system by the payroll clerk. Conclusion The five accounting cycles in an organization’s accounting information system and specifically how Riordan Manufacturing incorporates the expenditure cycle into its system was explained. Strengths and weaknesses of Riordan’s internal controls related to the expenditure cycle were commented on. This paper explained how the expenditure cycle could be integrated into an enterprise-wide accounting information system. The various types of information systems necessary to achieve this integration were illustrated. Finally, the flow of accounting information through Riordan Manufacturing was demonstrated. References Apollo Group, Inc. (2006). Riordan Manufacturing. Accounting Information System 1 – overview. Retrieved March 11, 2009. ACC340-Accounting Information Systems Processing. https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Riordan/RioMfgHome002.htm Bagranoff, N., & Simkin, M., & Strand, C., (2008). Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems (10th ed.) [University of Phoenix Custom Edition E-text]. New York, NY: Wiley. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, ACC/340 Accounting Information System 1 Web site. University of Phoenix (2009). Week five overview. Retrieved March 12, 2009, from University of Phoenix, Week Five, rEsource. ACC340-Accounting Information Systems 1 Course Web site. University of Phoenix (2009). Week one overview. Retrieved March 12, 2009, from University of Phoenix, Week One, rEsource. ACC340-Accounting Information Systems 1 Course Web site.

Peter Weir’s film Gallipoli - 1722 Words

Peter Weir’s 1981 film Gallipoli can in every sense of the phrase be called an ‘Australian classic’. The impact and effect this film has had upon the psyche and perspective of several generations of Australians has been significant. Whilst it can be argued that every Australian is aware of the ANZAC legend, and the events that occurred on the Turkish beaches in 1915, Weir’s film encapsulates and embodies a cultural myth which is now propagated as fact and embraced as part of the contemporary Australian identity. The film projects a sense of Australian nationalism that grew out of the 1970’s, and focuses on what it ‘means’ to be an Australian in a post-colonial country. In this way Gallipoli embodies a sense of ‘Australian-ness’ through†¦show more content†¦Individualism is shared through the mirror imaging of the two protagonists, presenting â€Å"unabashedly the primacy of the male subject, in fact revealing his e levation to the status of universal subject. It glorifies the centrality of the superior bond between male and male that is forged in the crucible of hardship and opposition† (Lucas 148). Archie and Frank can be seen as representative of Australian nationalism through the fact that they embody opposing and yet complementary aspects of the male ideal, both being physical capable and displaying a casual attitude towards authority. In this way, the glorified concept of mateship embodies Australian nationalism, and emphasizes that â€Å"Mateship was a particular Australian virtue, a creed, almost a religion. Men lived by it. ... They died by it and it could become their finest epitaph† (Gammage 63). Furthermore, Gallipoli can be seen as reflecting a form of nationalism through the contrast of Australia and Britain within the film. Australia’s ‘new nationalism’ â€Å"represented an attempt to redefine the core of Australian civic culture and identity in the fading light of the Empire...to focus on the easier question of what Australia was not† (MacLeod 68). Primarily by representing Archie and Frank as in possession of a set of behaviours that were unique to Australians, and especially to Australian men, the identity of the nation became more distinctShow MoreRelatedIntroduction. The Film, Gallipoli, Directed By Peter Weir,1677 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The film, Gallipoli, directed by Peter Weir, depicts one of the most controversial aspects of Australian history. The film depicts heritage myths regarding Australian culture; and Australia’s size in the world at large. Weir’s Gallipoli is taken from an Australian perspective and presents a compressed narrative of the events that shaped Australian society during World War I. The 20th Century saw the emergence of cinematography as a primary medium. One aspect of cinematography thatRead MoreMasculinity in Peter Weirs Gallipoli1893 Words   |  8 Pagesconstructed in Gallipoli and / or First Blood? What codes and norms of gender are used to construct masculinity in the film(s)? The perception of masculinity within Australian films is a reflection of our society’s views and opinions of what it is to be considered masculine. It is continually reinforced in our society by the constructions of the male character in movies, just like Archie and Frank, in Gallipoli and particular male figures within our nation’s history, such as Ned Kelly. Peter Weir’s reflectionRead MoreEssay on Gallipoli: The Desctructive Nature of War 664 Words   |  3 PagesIn Gallipoli, the final running sequence mirrors the opening sequence in order to draw the viewer’s attention to the destructive nature of war. This is emphasised by the film concluding with a freeze frame of Archy being mowed down by gunfire. The use of a medium shot assist in emphasising his movements and facial expressions as he runs (5). This in conjunction with the repetition of the whistle sound that indicates the start of Archy running, along with the mere sound of heavy breathing, re vealsRead MoreAustralian Identity in Film2196 Words   |  9 PagesAustralian Identity in Film How a country is designed and subsequently populated will have an indelible impression on the joint psychology of that countrys population. The peoples understanding of themselves as a country will also affect how that nation presents itself to the rest of the world. Much of this will have to do with the countrys concepts of nation, nationalism, and community. A nation is a socially-constructed concept dealing with the country itself as well as the population in the

Task Centred Approach in Social Work - 1802 Words

Introduction What is task centred approach: definition of the method In 1960s in North America Reid and Shyne (1969) undertook an extensive four year study to explore an alternative approach to traditional casework and the result was the adoption of a new model named Task centred approach that was also the proposal of a solution to tackle the weaknesses of the short-term psychodynamic model of the early 1960s. The research was an answer to certain problems like the fact that clients were abandoning psychodynamic therapy or receiving the maximum benefit within a few months, with relatively slow improvement. Task centred was then presented as an alternative being described in the following way: â€Å"Task centred practice, also†¦show more content†¦There’s also a comparison to crisis intervention because both models focus on immediate problems and use specific agreements but the similarity is superficial as its well known that people experiencing a crisis situation often cannot conceptualise their problems and therefore cant est ablish a plan to tackle problems, as this is an action that requires a systematic and focused task, a rational response on the part of the client (Payne, 2002). For this model to be fully developed it’s necessary to adopt two styles of communication: systematic communication as in keeping the client focused in the problem; responsive communication as in being empathic towards the clients, receptive to what they say (Reid and Epstein, 1972). This all connects with Empowerment and anti discriminatory practice (Doel 1998) Even though the model was based in the white culture (North America and later adapted and revised in the UK), the model in what concerns the black empowerment strategies/theories is welcomed, due to the fact that it gives clients a certain feeling of control over their life’s and it lessens the feeling of powerlessness. (Ahmad, 1990) Applications to practice and its strength The model is popular with service users mostly because it respects and has as a base the user’s views, being also easily understood. It has been used in a wide variety of service user groups and social work settings when working with older people,Show MoreRelatedImplement Person Centred Approaches in Health and Social Care1394 Words   |  6 PagesUnit 4222-207 Implement person centred approaches in health and social care 1.1 Person centred values are guides on how individuals are treated. These values are: * Dignity- supporting individuals to maintain emotional control and supporting individuals with sensitive situations. * Respect- recognising an individual’s sense of worth and importance to others. * Privacy- making sure individuals rights is maintained. * Individuality- recognising an individual as an individual. Read MoreA Brief Note On Define Person Centered Values1132 Words   |  5 Pages1.1 - Define person-centred values Person-centred values are about focusing on the individual and their needs it helps us to realize that although individuals can have the same medical conditions it doesn’t mean they require the same support and care. Being person-centred is being able to understand about the individual including their needs, culture, means of communication likes and dislikes. Values can be defined as what is important in the life of the individual you need to think about their individualityRead MoreCU3087 Lead Person Centred Practice Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ CU3087 Lead Person Centred Practice 1.1 All patients should be treated as individuals and their care should reflect this. Person-centred practice is an approach that puts the client at the centre of their care and their care is structured around their individual needs. It involves them in making decisions about things that affect them (Health Foundation 2012). Person centred planning is crucial to providing quality care and support. It helps professional care and support workers find out whatRead MoreHow The Nmc Code ( 2015 ) Can Guide The Provision Of Person Centred Nursing Care1689 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss how the NMC Code (2015) can guide the provision of person centred nursing care. In this assignment we will be discussing how the Nursing and Midwifery Council NMC (2015) guides nurses in the direction of good practice. Why we have the code? Who the code is for? How to implement the code in our daily lives as practitioners. The NMC (2015) is a set of guidelines which nurses and midwives must adhere to in order to provide the best care possible to their patients. The NMC (2015) is splitRead MoreThe Importance Of Safeguarding Children And Young People1421 Words   |  6 PagesTask 6. Explain the importance of safeguarding children and young people. Children and young people are vulnerable in nature. As their journey of life is in initial stages of development. They lack experience to understand and handle certain situations. Their lives can be severely affected by the risk, danger and fear from unknown or from people who are considered closest. If they are not taken care during their childhood, they may suffer from difficult young age and adulthood. Victoria Climbie’sRead MoreEssay on Unit LD 205 Principles Of Positive Risk725 Words   |  3 PagesPrinciples of positive risk taking for individuals with disabilities Outcome 1 Know the importance of risk taking in everyday life for individuals with disabilities 1.1- identify aspects of everyday life in which risk plays a part Risk Taking: individual; social; organisational; environmental 1.2- identify aspects of everyday life in which, traditionally, individuals with disabilities were not encouraged to take risks Traditional lack of encouragement: risks in everyday life; traditional roles and activities;Read MoreSupport and Caring for a Person with Dementia Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pagesonly to consume liquids. Her communication skills are also poor and doesn’t have the capacity to engage in a flowing conversation but has the ability to answer a question using the words ‘yes’ or ‘no’ or by saying individual words. 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On a number of occasions, I witnessed students lack of engagement with a task or activity, which would then in turn affect students’ motivation and ability to stay on track with the task leading to off task behavior. Sallis and McKenzie (1991) argued that positive experiences in PE could influence children to adopt physically active adult lifestyles which can improve public health. It is

Women s Rights, The Natural Environment, Lgbtq Rights And...

The most uplifting event that has happened was the Womens March on Washington in January because it unified women on many different statuses in life on one united front towards equal and fair rights for everyone. The Women’s march, which took place the day after President Donald Trump was sworn into office banded together to advocate legislation and policies regarding human rights and other issues, including but not limited to women s rights, immigration reform, healthcare reform, the natural environment, LGBTQ rights, and racial equality. On January 21 2017, women all over the United States, of different backgrounds, race, and ages took to the streets to stand on one united front using chants, powerful posters, and mass numbers to†¦show more content†¦Instead, using our voices and our numbers alone can be the beginning of a historic change. This march represented everything that encompasses all historical figures who have spoken out for a cause in which the felt str ongly about. The decision to contribute to such an event in history was an easy decision for many of the supporters as much of the scrutiny was against the ideas of governmental reform on many debatable topics. There has been a lot of backlash against our president for his lewd behavior and misogynistic views that was brought public during his campaign. One topic that was commonly referred to was his disparagement of women, minorities, and immigrants. All of which were present at the march through the many posters and the women brave enough to hold them. Bound together on one ground to make a bold and clear statement to this country on both a national and local level that we will not sit quietly when in some way, we are all being affected. This momentous event proved that millions of people also believed that the man in power is a person who doesn’t respect the basic democratic principles like the equality between all people regardless of color, gender, nationality, or residency status. This commonality gives women everywhere the basis for the grounds to stand up for what they believe in and show the world that there is a need for change. There was a lot of criticismShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Issues On Marriage Equality1324 Words   |  6 PagesKay Kaeun Ji PLSC 428 Assignment 1 Issues on Marriage Equality One of the biggest LGBTQ issues at stake right now is the legalization of marriage equality. Marriage inequality is an issue that effects the entire LGBTQ community because they are not given the constitutional rights due to their sexual preferences. The LGBTQ community is fighting for laws to fully legalize same sex marriage in the United States of America and fighting for the acceptance for their decisions. Today, although there haveRead MoreFilm Analysis : Ghandi1696 Words   |  7 Pagescultural characteristics were determined by someone’s race, or biology, and not by their education, history, or the environment. They were seen as unequal by their white leaders no matter their abilities. The Europeans looked upon the idea of race as the determining factor because biological characteristics could not be altered or changed whereas education, history, and the environment had this capability. In this scene from â€Å"Ghandi,† Ghandi himself is shown this racism by the white leaders on theRead MoreHomosexual Roles And Its Effect On Society1597 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, especially in recent years, there has been a dramatic change in LGBTQ+ rights. With this change, many homosexual themes and characters are prominently occurring across global cinema and television. With the recent legalisation of same-sex marriage in the UK and in the USA, we’re seeing a push for equality, acceptance and predominantly, normality. However, these views are rarely being reflected in modern or mainstream cinema. These films habitually present themselves with a lackRead MoreLgbt19540 Words   |  79 Pagesexplained in more detail here. Lesbian A lesbian woman is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to women. Many lesbians prefer to be called lesbian rather than gay. Gay A gay man is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to men. The word gay can be used to refer generally to lesbian, gay and bisexual people but many women prefer to be called lesbian. Most gay people dont like to be referred to as homosexual because of the negative historical associationsRead MoreLgbt, Gay, Bisexual, And Transgender Community Essay3094 Words   |  13 Pageshas made a lot of progress over the years. According to the article of LGBT Politics and American Political Development Valelly has stated about the Gill Foundation and it states â€Å"For 17 years, the Gill Foundation has been an advocate for LGBT equality. Today more than ever, we are committed to securing equal opportunity for all Americans, regardless of sexual orientation and gender expression.† (Valelly, Richard, 314) That just shows how much people pay attention to the movement and how the movement

Neurological Effects of Marijuana Free Essays

The recreational use of marijuana has become an almost mainstream part of our society today, so mainstream in fact that 16. 8% of Canadians older than 15 use it. In government, the debate to legalize marijuana has long gone back and forth yet never coming to a conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Neurological Effects of Marijuana or any similar topic only for you Order Now But in this debate is the government really examining the psychological effects of the drug, or are they just concerned with the money aspect. In one study of the neuropsychological effects of marijuana it was concluded that â€Å"The low dose produced generalized impairment of all mental processes (concept formation, memory, tactile form discrimination and motor function). † The research question of this essay is â€Å"Are the short and long term neuropsychological effects of marijuana severe enough to leave lasting impressions on our society? † Purpose The thesis of this essay is â€Å"the neuropsychological effects of marijuana are ery apparent through experimental research and the deficits caused by marijuana could become visible in our society and create problems down the road. † The essay will proceed in the order of first examining a case of neuropsychological effects on heavy marijuana users, then we will examine some of these effects and they way they impact teenage marijuana users. It will also be examined how marijuana may be seen as a cause of psychotic disorders, and also the way marijuana affects aggression. Argument The use of marijuana affects the brain and our neuropsychological functions such as memory. But how memory is affected; is it long term or short term memory and is this a lasting effect or not. In a study performed by Kanayama, Rogowska, Pope , Gruber , and Yurgelun-Todd (2003), 12 heavy cannabis smokers, and a control group of 10 others were to completed a spatial working memory paradigm that included two tasks: a perception task and a short-delay working memory task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed that the recent cannabis users displayed greater and more widespread brain activation than normal subjects when attempting to perform the aforementioned task. This suggests that the recent cannabis users may experience some neuropsychological deficits and they compensate for these deficits by calling upon different regions of the brain to help out in completing the task. This study shows that for a heavy cannabis user, simple tasks require extra effort from different regions of the brain in order to accomplish said task. This experimental study was well conducted and provided significant findings regarding the neuropsychological functions of a heavy cannabis user. These findings show that the heavy cannabis users had to work harder to accomplish the task at hand, and even though they still managed to accomplish the task, the neurological deficits shown through this study could leave them crippled or handicapped later in life with continued use of the drug. The debate continues in that people are unsure whether neurological deficits associated with cannabis last only as long as the drug does or if the continue afterwards and are more permanent. For example, Fried (2005; cited in Murray, Morrison, Henquet, Di Forti 2007) et al. found no evidence of cognitive deficits in cannabis users after three months of abstention66, whereas Bolla (2005; cited in Murray, Morrison, Henquet, Di Forti 2007) et al. found persisting deficits in decision-making and brain activity among heavy cannabis users who had been abstinent for 25 days. This inconsistency could be due to the age of participants or any number of other variables, which is why this sort of experiments can be unclear and inconclusive at times. One aspect of the age variable is that most experiments of this type are performed on adult participants and so does not show how the neurological effects of cannabis might affect the growing mind of a teenager. In a study performed by Harvey, Sellman, Porter, and Frampton (2007), 70 adolescents aged 13-18 were recruited, and after a 12 hour abstinence from marijuana performed several test. These tests included a demographics questionnaire, a Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) questionnaire for drug use in the past 28 days. Intelligence was measured using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery was used and the tests administered were: Motor screening (visual and movement problems), Rapid visual information processing (attention and memory), Spatial working memory (memory and strategy), Intradimensional extradimentional shift (attention), and Paired Associates learning (visuo-spatial and spatial span). The pen and paper cognitive tests used were Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Psychiatric functioning measures used were: Visual Analogue Scale for Mood (present mood), Beck Depression Inventory II, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Conduct Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The Timeline Follow-Back showed that 68. 5% of participants had used marijuana in the last 28 days. The results found from this well conducted study show that adolescents who were regular cannabis users showed a significantly worse performance on four measures of cognitive functions; attention, spatial working, memory, and learning. These results suggest that the young mind could be more susceptible to the neuropsychological deficits experienced through frequent use of marijuana. This is very negative considering 68. 5% of participants use marijuana frequently and thus has neurological deficits when it comes to attention, spatial working, memory and learning. If this sample is a close representation of the teenage population then our society could have problems down the road. If these teenagers continue to consume cannabis regularly through to adulthood then we could see these neurological deficits etting worse and worse as these teens earn more responsibility as they progress through life. Another possibility of problems that could come from this is the possibility that cannabis use could lead to psychosis or schizophrenia. It is unclear whether this is true or not but, but in some cases cannabis has been deemed a causal risk factor for schizophrenia. Richard Reading (2004) examined the evidence behind these claims and identified five studies that included a well-defined sample drawn from population-based registers or cohorts and used prospective measures of cannabis use and adult psychosis. After examining these cases thoroughly he concluded that cannabis is a component cause to psychosis. It is part of a complex mix of different factors which lead to psychosis down the road. Through these findings Reading deemed that cases of psychotic disorder could be minimized by discouraging cannabis use to vulnerable youth. Considering how 16. 8% of Canadians use marijuana on a regular basis, this is a very negative finding. Even if marijuana is only one little factor which contributes with many other factors to the chance of a psychotic disorder, then having this many people partaking could increase the number of psychotic disorders in Canada by quite a bit. We also know that a very large part of teenagers use cannabis as a social activity, and when used frequently for long periods of time these teenagers could develop psychotic disorders early on in life, making it difficult for them to contribute to our society to their full potential. On the other hand however marijuana could possibly give some positive to our society as well. In an earlier study conducted by Myerscough and Taylor (1985), the aggression levels of thirty male college students were examined while under the influence of either a light, medium, or heavy dose of marijuana. Since the U. S. government released â€Å"Reefer Madness† in 1936, it has been in question whether marijuana really does drive people crazy and amps up their aggression. The subjects were given either a low, medium, or high dose of marijuana then were sat in booth which corresponded with the booth of another participant. They were told that by pressing on one of eleven buttons they could choose the intensity of an electric shock that would be administered to their corresponding subject and vice versa. The person who completed this task faster would not be administered the shock but would find out what level of shock the other had picked for him. When the participants would see the aggressiveness of the other’s choices and receive shocks they would perhaps become more aggressive themselves. In concluding the data they had gathered showed that people in the low dose group tended to respond more aggressively than those in the mid to high level groups. Those participants in the high dose group were for the most part non-aggressive throughout the entire experiment. These findings indicate that when people are on marijuana they tend to be more calm and relaxed, and less easily aggravated. This could benefit many people by helping to ease stress. It could also help to lessen the aggravation behind many acts of crime, and violence in our society. Unfortunately we could not really use these findings to our advantage because we are unable to control who does what, and when. This does help shed some light on the benefits marijuana could have for our society. Conclusion The mainstream use of marijuana as a â€Å"party drug† or social tool in our society has started to get out of hand. Adults and teenagers alike take part in this illegal habit, but what are the consequences. As we see throughout this paper marijuana causes deficits in the neurological processes of adults by making the brain work harder to accomplish certain tasks. Also in teenagers the mental processes of memory, spatial working, attention, and learning were slowed by the frequent use of marijuana and showed deficits that could be worsened with time. It has also been shown here that marijuana could be a causal factor in the development of psychotic disorders. Though all of these experiments and research show how marijuana negatively influences people in our society there are many discrepancies in the research done on marijuana, and some do show no negativities whatsoever. Though the limited and controversial data we have on marijuana’s effect on psychological processes is incomplete, it is hard to say if it will have a lasting negative impression, however we know that marijuana is not having any useful positive effects on our society. How to cite Neurological Effects of Marijuana, Essay examples

David Beckham free essay sample

This is an essay will be about David Beckham the English soccer player. David is one of the best players in the world. There are several aspects about Beckham`s life. His soccer career, he became more than a usual football player and his personal life. That was the introduction. Now let’s move to the main part. David played in many clubs around the world. However, his most crucial stage of development and reputation happened when he was playing for two of the best Five soccer clubs in the world which are Manchester United from 1993 to 2003 and Real Madrid from 2003 to 2007. Therefore, he won many of championships and individual awards. For instance, he won the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Champions league with Manchester United, La Liga with Real Madrid and England player of the year in 2003. Also, he played as a loan player in Ac Milan that is one of the top clubs around the world too. We will write a custom essay sample on David Beckham or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, in 2007 Beckham had the highest transfer price in his career life when he transferred from Real Madrid to Los Angeles Galaxy by $ 32. 5 million in five years. Beckham became more than an average player. He did not stop just as a famous player, he was smart to use his fame well using. For example, he opened a football academy in London and Los Angeles. Likewise, he became one of the most wanted famous people in the advertising world. He did a large number of advertising for a lot of famous companies such as Pepsi and adidas. Furthermore, Beckham became a model in many famous clothing companies around the world. In 1997, Beckham start dating with the famous singer Victoria, who was one of the spice girls music group. The result for this successful relationship they get married in 1999, at Luttrellstown Castle in Ireland. Now David and Victoria have four children(three sons and a daughter). In conclusion, this essay was about David Beckham the English footballer. It has showed, his football career, Beckham did not stop only as a normal soccer player and his personal life.