Task Centred Approach in Social Work - 1802 Words

Introduction What is task centred approach: definition of the method In 1960s in North America Reid and Shyne (1969) undertook an extensive four year study to explore an alternative approach to traditional casework and the result was the adoption of a new model named Task centred approach that was also the proposal of a solution to tackle the weaknesses of the short-term psychodynamic model of the early 1960s. The research was an answer to certain problems like the fact that clients were abandoning psychodynamic therapy or receiving the maximum benefit within a few months, with relatively slow improvement. Task centred was then presented as an alternative being described in the following way: â€Å"Task centred practice, also†¦show more content†¦There’s also a comparison to crisis intervention because both models focus on immediate problems and use specific agreements but the similarity is superficial as its well known that people experiencing a crisis situation often cannot conceptualise their problems and therefore cant est ablish a plan to tackle problems, as this is an action that requires a systematic and focused task, a rational response on the part of the client (Payne, 2002). For this model to be fully developed it’s necessary to adopt two styles of communication: systematic communication as in keeping the client focused in the problem; responsive communication as in being empathic towards the clients, receptive to what they say (Reid and Epstein, 1972). This all connects with Empowerment and anti discriminatory practice (Doel 1998) Even though the model was based in the white culture (North America and later adapted and revised in the UK), the model in what concerns the black empowerment strategies/theories is welcomed, due to the fact that it gives clients a certain feeling of control over their life’s and it lessens the feeling of powerlessness. (Ahmad, 1990) Applications to practice and its strength The model is popular with service users mostly because it respects and has as a base the user’s views, being also easily understood. It has been used in a wide variety of service user groups and social work settings when working with older people,Show MoreRelatedImplement Person Centred Approaches in Health and Social Care1394 Words   |  6 PagesUnit 4222-207 Implement person centred approaches in health and social care 1.1 Person centred values are guides on how individuals are treated. These values are: * Dignity- supporting individuals to maintain emotional control and supporting individuals with sensitive situations. * Respect- recognising an individual’s sense of worth and importance to others. * Privacy- making sure individuals rights is maintained. * Individuality- recognising an individual as an individual. Read MoreA Brief Note On Define Person Centered Values1132 Words   |  5 Pages1.1 - Define person-centred values Person-centred values are about focusing on the individual and their needs it helps us to realize that although individuals can have the same medical conditions it doesn’t mean they require the same support and care. Being person-centred is being able to understand about the individual including their needs, culture, means of communication likes and dislikes. Values can be defined as what is important in the life of the individual you need to think about their individualityRead MoreCU3087 Lead Person Centred Practice Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ CU3087 Lead Person Centred Practice 1.1 All patients should be treated as individuals and their care should reflect this. Person-centred practice is an approach that puts the client at the centre of their care and their care is structured around their individual needs. It involves them in making decisions about things that affect them (Health Foundation 2012). Person centred planning is crucial to providing quality care and support. It helps professional care and support workers find out whatRead MoreHow The Nmc Code ( 2015 ) Can Guide The Provision Of Person Centred Nursing Care1689 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss how the NMC Code (2015) can guide the provision of person centred nursing care. In this assignment we will be discussing how the Nursing and Midwifery Council NMC (2015) guides nurses in the direction of good practice. Why we have the code? Who the code is for? How to implement the code in our daily lives as practitioners. The NMC (2015) is a set of guidelines which nurses and midwives must adhere to in order to provide the best care possible to their patients. The NMC (2015) is splitRead MoreThe Importance Of Safeguarding Children And Young People1421 Words   |  6 PagesTask 6. Explain the importance of safeguarding children and young people. Children and young people are vulnerable in nature. As their journey of life is in initial stages of development. They lack experience to understand and handle certain situations. Their lives can be severely affected by the risk, danger and fear from unknown or from people who are considered closest. If they are not taken care during their childhood, they may suffer from difficult young age and adulthood. Victoria Climbie’sRead MoreEssay on Unit LD 205 Principles Of Positive Risk725 Words   |  3 PagesPrinciples of positive risk taking for individuals with disabilities Outcome 1 Know the importance of risk taking in everyday life for individuals with disabilities 1.1- identify aspects of everyday life in which risk plays a part Risk Taking: individual; social; organisational; environmental 1.2- identify aspects of everyday life in which, traditionally, individuals with disabilities were not encouraged to take risks Traditional lack of encouragement: risks in everyday life; traditional roles and activities;Read MoreSupport and Caring for a Person with Dementia Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pagesonly to consume liquids. Her communication skills are also poor and doesn’t have the capacity to engage in a flowing conversation but has the ability to answer a question using the words ‘yes’ or ‘no’ or by saying individual words. I was given the task of feeding the patient at lunch time as she requires one to one support at meal times due to her lack of willingness to consume solids and fluids. It is extremely important to maintain good fluid intake to reduce the chance of dehydration which couldRead MoreEssay about Task Centered Approach in Social Work4831 Words   |  20 Pagesfeatures of one social worker method. Within this essay, I will include social work intervention prior to the introduction of task-centred practice. This will provide an insight in to why task -centred methods were introduced. I will also portray the strengths and weaknesses of task-centred practice. The essay will also depict the underlying theory that underpins task-centred practice in relation to social work. I will endeavour to critically analyse the effectiveness of this approach. I will then compareRead MoreQcf 3 Introduction to Personalisation in Health and Social Care (Hsc3046)1318 Words   |  6 PagesTask A Short answer questions (1) Define the term Personalisation The definition of Personalisation means that every person receiving support either provided by the government or funded by him or herself will have choice and control in what they would like their care to be. (2) Describe the relationship between rights/choice and Personalisation The individual get their rights from legislation, human rights, and equalityrights. Under this legislation the individuals have the right toRead MoreThe Importance Of Teaching And Classroom Management1692 Words   |  7 Pagesnoticed a wide range of abilities in physical terms including skill and fitness, as well as cognitive abilities. On a number of occasions, I witnessed students lack of engagement with a task or activity, which would then in turn affect students’ motivation and ability to stay on track with the task leading to off task behavior. Sallis and McKenzie (1991) argued that positive experiences in PE could influence children to adopt physically active adult lifestyles which can improve public health. It is

Women s Rights, The Natural Environment, Lgbtq Rights And...

The most uplifting event that has happened was the Womens March on Washington in January because it unified women on many different statuses in life on one united front towards equal and fair rights for everyone. The Women’s march, which took place the day after President Donald Trump was sworn into office banded together to advocate legislation and policies regarding human rights and other issues, including but not limited to women s rights, immigration reform, healthcare reform, the natural environment, LGBTQ rights, and racial equality. On January 21 2017, women all over the United States, of different backgrounds, race, and ages took to the streets to stand on one united front using chants, powerful posters, and mass numbers to†¦show more content†¦Instead, using our voices and our numbers alone can be the beginning of a historic change. This march represented everything that encompasses all historical figures who have spoken out for a cause in which the felt str ongly about. The decision to contribute to such an event in history was an easy decision for many of the supporters as much of the scrutiny was against the ideas of governmental reform on many debatable topics. There has been a lot of backlash against our president for his lewd behavior and misogynistic views that was brought public during his campaign. One topic that was commonly referred to was his disparagement of women, minorities, and immigrants. All of which were present at the march through the many posters and the women brave enough to hold them. Bound together on one ground to make a bold and clear statement to this country on both a national and local level that we will not sit quietly when in some way, we are all being affected. This momentous event proved that millions of people also believed that the man in power is a person who doesn’t respect the basic democratic principles like the equality between all people regardless of color, gender, nationality, or residency status. This commonality gives women everywhere the basis for the grounds to stand up for what they believe in and show the world that there is a need for change. There was a lot of criticismShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Issues On Marriage Equality1324 Words   |  6 PagesKay Kaeun Ji PLSC 428 Assignment 1 Issues on Marriage Equality One of the biggest LGBTQ issues at stake right now is the legalization of marriage equality. Marriage inequality is an issue that effects the entire LGBTQ community because they are not given the constitutional rights due to their sexual preferences. The LGBTQ community is fighting for laws to fully legalize same sex marriage in the United States of America and fighting for the acceptance for their decisions. Today, although there haveRead MoreFilm Analysis : Ghandi1696 Words   |  7 Pagescultural characteristics were determined by someone’s race, or biology, and not by their education, history, or the environment. They were seen as unequal by their white leaders no matter their abilities. The Europeans looked upon the idea of race as the determining factor because biological characteristics could not be altered or changed whereas education, history, and the environment had this capability. In this scene from â€Å"Ghandi,† Ghandi himself is shown this racism by the white leaders on theRead MoreHomosexual Roles And Its Effect On Society1597 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, especially in recent years, there has been a dramatic change in LGBTQ+ rights. With this change, many homosexual themes and characters are prominently occurring across global cinema and television. With the recent legalisation of same-sex marriage in the UK and in the USA, we’re seeing a push for equality, acceptance and predominantly, normality. However, these views are rarely being reflected in modern or mainstream cinema. These films habitually present themselves with a lackRead MoreLgbt19540 Words   |  79 Pagesexplained in more detail here. Lesbian A lesbian woman is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to women. Many lesbians prefer to be called lesbian rather than gay. Gay A gay man is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to men. The word gay can be used to refer generally to lesbian, gay and bisexual people but many women prefer to be called lesbian. Most gay people dont like to be referred to as homosexual because of the negative historical associationsRead MoreLgbt, Gay, Bisexual, And Transgender Community Essay3094 Words   |  13 Pageshas made a lot of progress over the years. According to the article of LGBT Politics and American Political Development Valelly has stated about the Gill Foundation and it states â€Å"For 17 years, the Gill Foundation has been an advocate for LGBT equality. Today more than ever, we are committed to securing equal opportunity for all Americans, regardless of sexual orientation and gender expression.† (Valelly, Richard, 314) That just shows how much people pay attention to the movement and how the movement

Neurological Effects of Marijuana Free Essays

The recreational use of marijuana has become an almost mainstream part of our society today, so mainstream in fact that 16. 8% of Canadians older than 15 use it. In government, the debate to legalize marijuana has long gone back and forth yet never coming to a conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Neurological Effects of Marijuana or any similar topic only for you Order Now But in this debate is the government really examining the psychological effects of the drug, or are they just concerned with the money aspect. In one study of the neuropsychological effects of marijuana it was concluded that â€Å"The low dose produced generalized impairment of all mental processes (concept formation, memory, tactile form discrimination and motor function). † The research question of this essay is â€Å"Are the short and long term neuropsychological effects of marijuana severe enough to leave lasting impressions on our society? † Purpose The thesis of this essay is â€Å"the neuropsychological effects of marijuana are ery apparent through experimental research and the deficits caused by marijuana could become visible in our society and create problems down the road. † The essay will proceed in the order of first examining a case of neuropsychological effects on heavy marijuana users, then we will examine some of these effects and they way they impact teenage marijuana users. It will also be examined how marijuana may be seen as a cause of psychotic disorders, and also the way marijuana affects aggression. Argument The use of marijuana affects the brain and our neuropsychological functions such as memory. But how memory is affected; is it long term or short term memory and is this a lasting effect or not. In a study performed by Kanayama, Rogowska, Pope , Gruber , and Yurgelun-Todd (2003), 12 heavy cannabis smokers, and a control group of 10 others were to completed a spatial working memory paradigm that included two tasks: a perception task and a short-delay working memory task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed that the recent cannabis users displayed greater and more widespread brain activation than normal subjects when attempting to perform the aforementioned task. This suggests that the recent cannabis users may experience some neuropsychological deficits and they compensate for these deficits by calling upon different regions of the brain to help out in completing the task. This study shows that for a heavy cannabis user, simple tasks require extra effort from different regions of the brain in order to accomplish said task. This experimental study was well conducted and provided significant findings regarding the neuropsychological functions of a heavy cannabis user. These findings show that the heavy cannabis users had to work harder to accomplish the task at hand, and even though they still managed to accomplish the task, the neurological deficits shown through this study could leave them crippled or handicapped later in life with continued use of the drug. The debate continues in that people are unsure whether neurological deficits associated with cannabis last only as long as the drug does or if the continue afterwards and are more permanent. For example, Fried (2005; cited in Murray, Morrison, Henquet, Di Forti 2007) et al. found no evidence of cognitive deficits in cannabis users after three months of abstention66, whereas Bolla (2005; cited in Murray, Morrison, Henquet, Di Forti 2007) et al. found persisting deficits in decision-making and brain activity among heavy cannabis users who had been abstinent for 25 days. This inconsistency could be due to the age of participants or any number of other variables, which is why this sort of experiments can be unclear and inconclusive at times. One aspect of the age variable is that most experiments of this type are performed on adult participants and so does not show how the neurological effects of cannabis might affect the growing mind of a teenager. In a study performed by Harvey, Sellman, Porter, and Frampton (2007), 70 adolescents aged 13-18 were recruited, and after a 12 hour abstinence from marijuana performed several test. These tests included a demographics questionnaire, a Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) questionnaire for drug use in the past 28 days. Intelligence was measured using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery was used and the tests administered were: Motor screening (visual and movement problems), Rapid visual information processing (attention and memory), Spatial working memory (memory and strategy), Intradimensional extradimentional shift (attention), and Paired Associates learning (visuo-spatial and spatial span). The pen and paper cognitive tests used were Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Psychiatric functioning measures used were: Visual Analogue Scale for Mood (present mood), Beck Depression Inventory II, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Conduct Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The Timeline Follow-Back showed that 68. 5% of participants had used marijuana in the last 28 days. The results found from this well conducted study show that adolescents who were regular cannabis users showed a significantly worse performance on four measures of cognitive functions; attention, spatial working, memory, and learning. These results suggest that the young mind could be more susceptible to the neuropsychological deficits experienced through frequent use of marijuana. This is very negative considering 68. 5% of participants use marijuana frequently and thus has neurological deficits when it comes to attention, spatial working, memory and learning. If this sample is a close representation of the teenage population then our society could have problems down the road. If these teenagers continue to consume cannabis regularly through to adulthood then we could see these neurological deficits etting worse and worse as these teens earn more responsibility as they progress through life. Another possibility of problems that could come from this is the possibility that cannabis use could lead to psychosis or schizophrenia. It is unclear whether this is true or not but, but in some cases cannabis has been deemed a causal risk factor for schizophrenia. Richard Reading (2004) examined the evidence behind these claims and identified five studies that included a well-defined sample drawn from population-based registers or cohorts and used prospective measures of cannabis use and adult psychosis. After examining these cases thoroughly he concluded that cannabis is a component cause to psychosis. It is part of a complex mix of different factors which lead to psychosis down the road. Through these findings Reading deemed that cases of psychotic disorder could be minimized by discouraging cannabis use to vulnerable youth. Considering how 16. 8% of Canadians use marijuana on a regular basis, this is a very negative finding. Even if marijuana is only one little factor which contributes with many other factors to the chance of a psychotic disorder, then having this many people partaking could increase the number of psychotic disorders in Canada by quite a bit. We also know that a very large part of teenagers use cannabis as a social activity, and when used frequently for long periods of time these teenagers could develop psychotic disorders early on in life, making it difficult for them to contribute to our society to their full potential. On the other hand however marijuana could possibly give some positive to our society as well. In an earlier study conducted by Myerscough and Taylor (1985), the aggression levels of thirty male college students were examined while under the influence of either a light, medium, or heavy dose of marijuana. Since the U. S. government released â€Å"Reefer Madness† in 1936, it has been in question whether marijuana really does drive people crazy and amps up their aggression. The subjects were given either a low, medium, or high dose of marijuana then were sat in booth which corresponded with the booth of another participant. They were told that by pressing on one of eleven buttons they could choose the intensity of an electric shock that would be administered to their corresponding subject and vice versa. The person who completed this task faster would not be administered the shock but would find out what level of shock the other had picked for him. When the participants would see the aggressiveness of the other’s choices and receive shocks they would perhaps become more aggressive themselves. In concluding the data they had gathered showed that people in the low dose group tended to respond more aggressively than those in the mid to high level groups. Those participants in the high dose group were for the most part non-aggressive throughout the entire experiment. These findings indicate that when people are on marijuana they tend to be more calm and relaxed, and less easily aggravated. This could benefit many people by helping to ease stress. It could also help to lessen the aggravation behind many acts of crime, and violence in our society. Unfortunately we could not really use these findings to our advantage because we are unable to control who does what, and when. This does help shed some light on the benefits marijuana could have for our society. Conclusion The mainstream use of marijuana as a â€Å"party drug† or social tool in our society has started to get out of hand. Adults and teenagers alike take part in this illegal habit, but what are the consequences. As we see throughout this paper marijuana causes deficits in the neurological processes of adults by making the brain work harder to accomplish certain tasks. Also in teenagers the mental processes of memory, spatial working, attention, and learning were slowed by the frequent use of marijuana and showed deficits that could be worsened with time. It has also been shown here that marijuana could be a causal factor in the development of psychotic disorders. Though all of these experiments and research show how marijuana negatively influences people in our society there are many discrepancies in the research done on marijuana, and some do show no negativities whatsoever. Though the limited and controversial data we have on marijuana’s effect on psychological processes is incomplete, it is hard to say if it will have a lasting negative impression, however we know that marijuana is not having any useful positive effects on our society. How to cite Neurological Effects of Marijuana, Essay examples

David Beckham free essay sample

This is an essay will be about David Beckham the English soccer player. David is one of the best players in the world. There are several aspects about Beckham`s life. His soccer career, he became more than a usual football player and his personal life. That was the introduction. Now let’s move to the main part. David played in many clubs around the world. However, his most crucial stage of development and reputation happened when he was playing for two of the best Five soccer clubs in the world which are Manchester United from 1993 to 2003 and Real Madrid from 2003 to 2007. Therefore, he won many of championships and individual awards. For instance, he won the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Champions league with Manchester United, La Liga with Real Madrid and England player of the year in 2003. Also, he played as a loan player in Ac Milan that is one of the top clubs around the world too. We will write a custom essay sample on David Beckham or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, in 2007 Beckham had the highest transfer price in his career life when he transferred from Real Madrid to Los Angeles Galaxy by $ 32. 5 million in five years. Beckham became more than an average player. He did not stop just as a famous player, he was smart to use his fame well using. For example, he opened a football academy in London and Los Angeles. Likewise, he became one of the most wanted famous people in the advertising world. He did a large number of advertising for a lot of famous companies such as Pepsi and adidas. Furthermore, Beckham became a model in many famous clothing companies around the world. In 1997, Beckham start dating with the famous singer Victoria, who was one of the spice girls music group. The result for this successful relationship they get married in 1999, at Luttrellstown Castle in Ireland. Now David and Victoria have four children(three sons and a daughter). In conclusion, this essay was about David Beckham the English footballer. It has showed, his football career, Beckham did not stop only as a normal soccer player and his personal life.

The Elements Of Haiku Poetry Essays - Japanese Poetry, Haiku, Renga

The Elements Of Haiku Poetry Haiku poetry has been around for many years. It started in Japan and has gone worldwide since. Its simple form makes it interesting to the people who write and read it. Even though haiku poetry is one of, if not the smallest form of poetry, there is a long history behind it and many elements, such as structure, topic, ?haiku moment,? season word, imagery, and suggestiveness, that have to be considered when writing haiku. Haiku poetry appeared in the sixteenth century. It was mostly centered in Japan. There were two main reasons that people wrote haiku. It was a way for people to express their thoughts, and to rise above the limitations imposed by the usual language and thought that treats everything as machines. Most haiku is written in plain, everyday, language. (Lewis) Haiku developed from a different form of poetry called tanka, which dates all the way back to early Japanese history. Tanka is a five-lined verse. After haiku was created, it was usually seen as the hokku of a renga. A hokku is the first line in a renga and a renga is a long series of poems. The development of haiku was never influenced at all by the west or China. The word haiku actually means game verse. This form of poetry is sometimes called hokku of kaikai, but these names are considered to be incorrect. Most haiku poets begin to write haiku when they are very young. They start early because children are less likely to worry about doing things right from the start. Since grammar and vocabulary are not necessarily important in haiku, the children who write them don't have to know every word in the world to make them sound good. The most famous of all haiku poets is Matsuo Basho. Basho lived from 1644 to 1944. He lived during the time of the English writers John Milton and John Bunyan. In the world of haiku poetry, there are many elements that are important and need to be considered. Of the many elements, there are six very important ones: structure, topic, ?haiku moment,? season word, imagery, and suggestiveness. The first element, and the easiest element to see in the poem, is the structure of the haiku. A haiku is a three-line stanza. It is composed of seventeen syllables and does not rhyme. The basic pattern of haiku poetry is five syllables, seven syllables, five syllables. The form of tanka, the poetry from which haiku actually developed, is in a pattern of five syllables, seven syllables, five syllables, seven syllables, five syllables. The second of six elements is the topic that haiku discusses. Although the poem is very short and concise, the topic is generally not all that difficult to understand. The topic usually discusses nature, color, sensation, impression, or the drama of a specific fact of native. The third element of haiku poetry is the ?haiku moment.? The ?haiku moment? is the part of the poem that makes it seem like a photograph of whatever it is describing. A simple photo describes a setting or a scene. The description causes an emotional response in its viewer. There is not a caption on the picture that tells us what the emotional response is that we are supposed to get from looking at it. Instead it is a simple moment in time left to be interpreted however the viewer sees it. (Source #7,pp1) ?the primary purpose of reading and writing haiku is sharing moments of our lives that have moved us, pieces of perception that we offer or receive as gifts. At the deepest level, this is one great purpose of all art, and especially literature.? This quote by Bill Higginson says that haiku is meant to share individual moments of our lives with other people, and that the haiku moment is one way of doing this. The fourth element of haiku is the season word. A season word exists in every haiku. The word is meant to help the reader to interpret the haiku and its meaning. The word is also used to help describe the setting of the scene and also invokes the season in which the writer is trying to express in his or her

201603 ASSESSMENT A Essays - Education, Writing, Bibliography

201603 ASSESSMENT A Essays - Education, Writing, Bibliography ILSC Mac100 Assessment A : Research and Referencing (10%) For this assessment you are required to demonstrate your ability to: Undertake some research Write a short essay Paraphrase, summarise and quote correctly Use in-text citations Write a reference list TASK: Write a short essay, of between 1000 and 1 3 00 words COMPARING TWO WELL-KNOWN PEOPLE or TWO WELL-KNOWN ORGANISATIONS which you are interested in (sport, politics, business, fashion) Examples: Mourinho Guardiola Federer Nadal Clinton Trump Conservative Labour Zara and HM Oxfam Unicef Etc etc Your essay should be well-organised, so you should PLAN how you will compare them throughout the essay. e.g You might divide the essay into similarities and differences Or different paragraphs could focus on different aspects ( e.g childhood, major achievements , wealth / profit, future plans etc ) In your final statement, you should indicate what we can learn from these people You must use between 4 and 8 sources . Try and use a variety of sources (e.g. 1 youtube video , 1 online newspaper, 2 websites). Your sources should be appropriate for the task (critical reading: relevant, reliable, up-to-date etc - NOT Wikipedia!!) All the information should be PARAPHRASED (unless it is appropriate to use direct quotes). BE CAREFUL - WITH THIS TASK IT IS TEMPTING TO JUST COPY-PASTE!! Remember: when you are researching, use the reading techniques (skim, scan, intensive) APPROPRIATELY Your essay should be structured appropriately and must include in-text citations and a reference list. Your main ideas should be supported with specific examples and/or statistics as appropriate You must submit your essay onto TURNITIN The deadline for submission is: Late submission will be penalised (the maximum mark for late submissions will be the pass mark, 60%) Marks will be awarded as follows: Referencing Accuracy of the reference list (using the Harvard System as appears in the ARU guide to referencing) Accuracy of in-text referencing and direct quote(s) 10 Content There must be a COMPARISON throughout the essay. You must support the main ideas with EVIDENCE 10 Structure Intro/ main body/ conclusion Cohesion between paragraphs 5 Use of English (vocab, grammar, punctuation) *you will only be graded on your own words!! 5

Why the tuition fee is almost triple for international students Research Paper

Why the tuition fee is almost triple for international students - Research Paper Example Bizarrely, these students study in the same schools and are legible for the same treatment and facilities. This has a dire effect on the education of international schools, especially when they do not have sufficient funds for their schooling. To begin with, the management of schools state that there is limited funding for international students. It is noted that sponsorship programs are limited for international students. Therefore, there is a limited number of international students sponsored by organisations. As such, students that would wish to study in international schools will have to cater for their costs while studying. This is a burden that is directly linked to the international students, which increases the amount of tuition fees. Similarly, international students have to incur costs in payment for each unit (OECD 2). This is to provide the students with enough materials for successful learning. However, many institutions have their various directives on payment per each unit. While the non-international students have their stated amounts to pay, international students will have a different amount. In some schools, the payment per each unit could be exorbitant, as they have to pay up to four times more. This is a hindrance to some international students as they have to limit the number of units they will study. Consequentially, reducing the amount of fees paid per unit would be a disadvantage to the schools.

MIH512-Demography and Health (Module 4-SLP) Essay

MIH512-Demography and Health (Module 4-SLP) - Essay Example Morbidity refers to a measure that helps in determining factors that affect the individual's health such as abnormal conditions and illnesses; this section analysis aids prevalence in the UK and the US using year 2000 estimates. In 2000 it was estimated that 885 thousand individuals in the UK were living with Aids, and over 126 thousands individuals living with aids in the US, the total population in the UK was estimated at 58,886 thousands and 281421.906 thousand in the US. Therefore using the formula it is evident that aids prevalence rate of Aids in the UK was 150 per 10,000 individuals while the value was 447.8 per 10,000 in the US, this shows that there are relatively higher prevalence rate in the US than the UK. Disability is also an important health statistic, data show that 5.9% of the total population in the UK was disabled while 6.1% of the total population in the US was disabled in the year 2000, this means that we have more cases of disability in the US than in the UK according to the 2000 estimates. Fertility is also an important measure that indicates the trend in population, fertility can be indicated by the crude birth rate which is determined by dividing total births by the tot

Careers in health care industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Careers in health care industry - Essay Example Health Information and Medical Records TechnicianThey are concerned with keeping patients health information records. The Department of labor in the US estimates 20% growth in this career before 2018. To be in this field, a degree in an associate’s degree is required (Parker 1).Medical AssistantThey work directly with patients. They work on the patient’s medical history and also take their vital signs. An Associate’s degree or a certificate program are the requirements.Pharmacy TechnicianThey provide customer service and also prescribe medication to patients. Only an Associate’s degree or certificate are needed.Environmental health directorTraining environmental regulations as well as offering education concerning the government in public operations and also in private. Degree in Bachelor’s and also Master’s is needed.Offers quality of services agrees with government regulations, and they are also consulted by them, medical professionals.Dire ctor of EpidemiologyHave the responsibility to determine the cause of a disease as well as health problems providing protection against further recurrence.Industrial waste directorThey focus on keeping the society clean to public health is safe. They ensure that the public employees do their work of collecting the garbage to keep the community cleanRadiation safety specialistThey offer facilities related to public health in dealing with environmental laws. This individual ensures that hazardous materials are kept safe to prevent accidents (Tommy 1).

Flexibility-security Nexus: the Concept of Flexicurity

Flexibility-security Nexus: the Concept of Flexicurity Meenakshi Shree Gautam Introduction Workers, companies, sectors of industry, national governments have usually been found facing a twofold expectation. On one side, there is a strong demand to bring more flexibility to labor markets, employment and work organization, while at same time an equally strong demand for providing security to employees, especially the vulnerable groups. Flexicurity suggests that the flexibility and security can co-exist at the same time. But increasing flexibility in the labor market can be seen with decreasing security in the labor market, because it might reflect a relaxation in the regulation of hiring and firing and in flexible forms of employment. The concept of flexicurity has been addressed at a various EU summits. In the mission of the European Union, enhancing of both flexibility and security has been considered with an aim to ensure sustainable economic growth with greater jobs and increased social cohesion. In India, when examined under the purview of the flexicurity, schemes like the MNREGA, and Unemployment Insurance Scheme on the planned extension of social security turn out to be the elements of an emerging domestically developing form of flexicurity. The analysis of the Indian labor markets in the context of flexicurity have been found to exist in the organized sector, but that too requires a clear-cut analysis of real rigidities and of security issues. Peter Auer, in his short paper on â€Å"Security in labor markets: Combining flexibility with security for decent work†, has discussed the concept and analyzed the topic of flexicurity, its importance, employment stability, country differences and convergence/ divergence in the European Union and the issues of what looms beyond flexicurity. Flexicurity: The concept and the shift from job to employment security Flexicurity is not merely a certain ‘species’ of the labor market policy/strategy but it also concerns a certain state or condition of the labor market. In the case concerning the flexicurity as a condition of the labor market, flexicurity has to be defined both as a typical form of security and as a typical form of flexibility. Flexicurity refers to the job, employment, income and ‘combination’ security that encourages and allows for enduring and high quality labor market participation and social inclusion, and at the same time provides a degree of numerical, functional and wage flexibility that allows for timely and adequate adjustment of labor markets and companies to changing conditions to ensure and enhance competitiveness and productivity. In the former generation of labor economists and the industrial relations school (for example the internal labor market â€Å"school† – Doeringer et Piore, 1971) job and employment security, were considered as related to one another in the following manner: job security was taken to be analogous to the task security. The job classification, under this system, proved to be inflexible in regards to new needs of polyvalence and multi-skilling with new types of goods and service production. And therefore, the job security rule was often replaced by employment security that guaranteed employment with the firm, but not on any particular job. This shift in the concept was seen with a shift from qualification to competence, more polyvalence and new forms of work organization creating space for more internal flexibility than before. There seems to be a trade-off between job and employment security comprising of employment and job changes. The shift from job to employment security was a shift from an internally rigid system towards a more internally flexible system that maintained employment security and long-term jobs with one company. The transition from job to employment security has been described as: Internal and external adjustments Internal adjustments are important for flexicurity because they can compensate for the missing external forms of adjustment. To illustrate this point, author has quoted the example of Germany where internal forms of adjustment are preferred to external ones. The author mentioned about the research conducted by an institute which confirmed the author’s proposition that internal adjustments are indeed used to compensate for the external forms of adjustments. Wage flexibility, important for providing cost flexibility, has been excluded from the concept of flexicurity. Internal flexibility is used both as an emergency measure at the time when job cuts come into view and as a preventive approach for eliciting more efficiency and upholding the occupation affiliation. An important question raised in the paper is whether one can balance the flexibility needs of individuals arising out of their choices and the needs of the employers. Both tend to be determining the steadiness of flexibility and security. It has been seen that in flexicurity countries, both the above mentioned aspects of the flexibility are complementary, while in the rest of the countries, there seems to be a trade-off between the two. The author has also highlighted, based on the empirical evidence that the flexible countries with moderate employment protection but bounteous protection by labor market policies do better in terms of decent jobs. This observation suggests that a certain degree of mobility, when â€Å"protected† is desirable for worker’s security and delivers better results than either â€Å"unprotected† mobility or too much employment stability. Therefore, labor market reforms that account for the need of stability, flexibility and security result in optimal outcomes. Neglecting any one of these elements, along with the social dialogue, tends to produce suboptimal results either for productivity, employment performance or workers’ security. Conclusion The author concludes by suggesting that one cannot imagine an absence of stable jobs and a total shift of security towards public unemployment and employment schemes. The author also highlights the fact that more research is needed to establish a strong link between objective and subjective data as for now, one can only conclude that maximizing of employment protection needs more than tenure in order to match objective and subjective employment security. Following common elements have been outlined by the author to achieve â€Å"in-employment flexicurity† combined with â€Å"out-of-employment flexicurity†: Employment protection through innovative employment contracts High degree of social protection by active Labor Market Policies Access to social rights since they link possibilities for temporary exit from the labor market (flexibility) with return options (security).) Complementarity between the individual and employer oriented flexibility High degree of internal flexibility in high performance work systems Effective social dialogue Developing, sustaining and improving such a system has to be complemented by a functioning social dialogue which would allow the industry and the government to bargain over possible trade-offs, accountabilities and expenses of the system. References Auer, P. (2012). â€Å"Security in labor markets: combining flexibility with security for decent work†, Economic and labor market analysis papers, ILO (International Labor Office), Geneva. Auer, P., Jha Praveen (2009). â€Å"labor market reforms in India: Barking up the wrong tree?†, The Indian Journal of Labor economics, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 71-81. Lerche, J. (2012). â€Å"Labor Regulations and Labor Standards in India: Decent Work?†, Global Labor Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 16-27.

Responsibility To Protect Essay -- Political Science

Since its adoption by world leaders at the World Summit in 2005, the Responsibility to Protect (herein R2P) has been hailed as a major achievement in protecting populations from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, or ethnic cleansing that would be committed by rulers. However, some see the R2P not as an effective human right instrument for civilians’ protection as it appears to be another tool for imperialism. My position in this essay is that I believe the R2P doctrine is a considerable achievement in world politics as it signals to potential perpetrators of mass atrocities that the world would no longer stand by, but will use force when necessary to protect innocent civilians. My position is articulated as follows. First, I will present the content/principles of the R2P doctrine . Second, I will point out the legal and moral argument underpinning the R2P, particularly its military aspect. Finally I will evoke some cases where the R2P has been critical in protectin g populations from mass killing and show the shortcoming of those who argue against the R2P. First of all, the R2P clearly states that: i) the State has the primary responsibility to protect its population from heinous human rights abuses such as genocide, war crimes, crime against humanity and ethnic cleansing; ii) the international community has the responsibility to assist States in fulfilling their primary responsibility as indicated in point i) and as such, it should use appropriate diplomatic, humanitarian and other peaceful means to protect populations from those crimes; iii) however, when a State fails to protect its own populations or is the actual perpetrator of such crimes against its populations, the international community must be prepared to ta... ...international humanitarian and human rights laws as well as international customary laws. There are convincing legal and moral arguments in favor of the use of military intervention as the last resort to protect populations from actual or imminent acts of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity or ethnic cleansing. The NATO intervention in Libya in 2011 is a good illustration of the importance of the R2P for the protection of populations from atrocities. The argument of opponents to the R2P is not convincing at all as it only covers one part of the three responsibilities of the R2P. Works Cited 1. World Summit Outcome Document 2. Roland Paris, â€Å"R2P Is Not a License for Military Recklessness†, in the Centre for International Policy Study’s blog (March 12, 2012), retrieved online at http://cips.uottawa.ca/r2p-is-not-a-license-for-military-recklessness/

Leadership and nurse retention: The pivotal role of nurse leaders Essay

The Massachusetts Department of Higher Education in collaboration with the CITATION Thu12 l 1033 (Thurston, 2012)organized a working sectional conference titled Effective Mentoring; Nursing Leadership Practices after Training Completion and development skills for charge nurses. Over 40 experienced professionals from major statewide stakeholders in the Healthcare industry were brought together during this session. Those in attendance included nurses from various practice sessions and representatives from the Department of Higher Education, the Board of Registration in Nursing, the Massachusetts Center for Nursing (MCN), the Massachusetts Association of Colleges of Nursing (MACN), the Massachusetts/Rhode Island League for Nursing (MARILN), other national accrediting agencies were also present like the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC) and the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE). The keynote speaker for the conference was MD Welborn E. Crawford of Massachusetts Semin Hospital who has extensive experience in offering guidance on organizational leadership in the practice of medicine and is also chairman on the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) board. Crawford also has several publications under his belt specifically discussing about how to boost development skills of leadership at the workplace. His past roles in professional development are inclusive of nursing peer review and advancement, teaching and the use of simulation. The current role he holds at the hospital as MD provides oversight on how various departments of the hospital are run including quality service provision and process improvement. The conference sought to ensure that, graduating nurses from nursing school to have a platform to ensure a seamless progression in their career by furnishing with necessary knowledge and skills that will ensure their development while practicing nursing after their graduation. Participation in the conference was on the consideration of the fact of holding a charge nurse position at my workplace and the constant need to make decisions and supervise ACRNs at the workplace needed a more astute approach of leadership. Analysis of Leadership Characteristics and Style Most of the conflicts in the nursing industry are as an increased inefficiency in leadership styles and practices. In many instances, personality traits often in one way or the other demonstrate a link with leadership behaviors and characteristics and in this instances are either inborn or easily learned. The main focus of Crawford’s speech was on the process of enhancing transformation of other nurses’ while at the workplace through meeting the needs of the pre-identified environment. The keynote speaker kept the participants going throughout the session through the asking of questions. Through the question and feedback process, a debating platform was created similar to the one encourage for organizational leaders where employees are allowed the opportunity to be engaged in the decision-making process of an organization. He reflected on Brooks and Andersons publications which suggested that a good number of nurses felt invaluable to an organization when they were not allowed the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes and their efforts at the workplaces going unrecognized. These ideology posters to core the need of as a leader to acknowledge a subordinate in the event they contribute something worthy at the work setting. The exchange of information and negotiation between people and their leaders has evolved over the years and this and this has similarly had an impact on leadership theories evolvement. In the conference setting, our keynote speaker had adopted the democratic style of leadership where all and sundry were allowed to measure in on the debate and from the information provided by the audience, the Crawford expounded further on their ramifications in ensuring success during task performance. Further from his speech, it became clear that apart from the democratic leadership style, there existed other two distinct styles that have always been adopted by leaders namely; authoritarian and laissez faire. Under authoritarian leadership, an employee were not allowed to make any decisions and in most cases handles all managerial duties and decisions all by themselves without any external interference from the employees. It is largely the opposite of democratic leadership. Lastly, there is the lais sez-faire leadership style where the leader is in total control of all aspects of an organization. Environments are also fundamental in determining what particular style of leadership will be a success but transformational leadership is mostly championed for in many leadership settings for it is particularly considered to create a conducive environment for not only nurses but also their respective patients. However, there still exists doubts on the credibility of these words for there exists little or no studies at all that pinpoint an exact correlation between leadership behaviors, patient outcomes and nursing practice environments. Charge nurses were therefore encouraged to adopt the transformational leadership style for the nurses that one is in-charge of are allowed to participate in any decision-making process. It has been established that nurses have positive response to transformational leadership because it ensures that build and develop themselves individually as a unit thus they are personally empowered to achieve their goals. In retrospect, in utilization of this kind of leadership, a leader is equally motivated a leader that allows the creation of synergetic environments where creativity can be easily managed. Considering the fact that a good number of nursing discords are in one way or the other related with the leaderships styles, it is important for charge nurses to adopt a stance of being facilitators for solutions as opposed to being problem creators. One important aspect fro transformational leadership is the participatory decision-making approach with employees to similar to what Dr. Crawford w as utilizing at the platform. The participatory decision-making approach allows an increased accountability of actions at the workplace by employees thus they are empowered and the same can be transformed to patients. Frontline charge nurses who not have effective leadership practices in most instances do not perform their duties for solving problems at the nursing unit, it therefore important for such leaders to adapt effective leadership skills so that they can be assured of achieving better outcomes. Communication skills In delivering speeches, it is important for a speaker to develop an interpersonal relationship with his audience for it is the foundation for all human interaction. Not only are effective communication deponents beneficial in delivering speeches but also it ensures the normal function of various systems of an organization. In the nursing workplace, as a charge nurse it is important to ensure that communication is two-way in the sense that not only are people listening to directives of their leader but also the leader allows them the opportunity to air their concerns. Whether an individual is traversing information in a formal or informal context, it is important for them to acknowledge their audiences, purpose for speaking, follow through in what one is putting across, have a broad array of presenting your information and utilization of several techniques in delivering information CITATION Ant13 l 1033 (Anthony, et al., 2013). It is also important to note one’s external enviro nment while putting across a specific message for it determines how information seriated and perceived by an audience. In the case of Crawford, he focused mainly on the ensuring the comfort of his audience by constantly asking whether or not they were comfortable in the conference room and delved mainly on the progressive leadership in nursing for all those in attendance were knowledgeable of the topic being discussed. The speaker was also keen on ensuring that all the stakeholders and those in attendance were convinced of his thoughts on progressive leadership for nurses and how to develop this in graduation nurses form nursing school by ensuring that he gave a clear background information of the topic he was discussing then finally gave an in-depth analysis of the developmental ways for building leadership skills for junior nurses at the workplace. While communication his information across, his stands on leadership styles were backed up by facts and claims from other professional s in the healthcare industry with utmost clarity and simplicity which ensured a good number of those in attendance to comprehend the information that was being put across and the purpose of the conference was thus being achieved in an astute and prospective manner. MD Crawford made it his mandate to ensure that all relevant aspects of leadership in nursing and how to nurture young habits in graduating nurses could be attained which brought to core leadership issues that if neglected by one who is in-charge at the workplace could impact negatively on the functioning of a particular unit of a hospital CITATION Ame09 l 1033 (Association, 2009). Considering the fact that nurturing the graduating nurses was a new noble idea for healthcare practitioners, the idea therefore needs a lot of selling. The delivery of this message was efficient in the sense that it was being aimed at the correct audience who effectively act on it, this was ensured through constant repetition of the idea in the delivery of his speech and for sure he did deliver the message to its desired levels for a good number of participants after the conference signed up for a two month seminar that Crawford suggested for the 27th the same month where further leadership models would be discussed and how they could be applied at the workplace. With respect to the experience of Crawford and considering that he was getting delivering his speech to his peers, he adopted the good old boy presentation style. Basically, his presentation was divided into an introduction which gave a clear understanding of the problem that needed nursing practitioners’ attention. Secondly, he talked of the organizations which sponsored the event and their role in collaboration with the American Nursing Association in ensuring nurses developed well envisaged skills to be great leaders in their nursing careers upon graduation from school by ensuring there existed some sort of mentoring platform where they could interact and exchange ideas with experienced professionals in the industry CITATION Gir12 l 1033 (Girvin, 2012). Thirdly, using visual aid supports like chart drawings and diagrams, the speaker used supporting facts to put across information regarding leadership styles and how effectively communication can be achieved at the workplace. Most importantly, each visual aid used in the delivery of the speech fully gave an in-depth understanding of what was being discussed whose main purpose was to ensure that those in the audience were familiar with the topic being discussed by the end of his presentation. The conclusion of the presentation effectively showed that the proposal that was presented by the speaker could be made effective in hospital interstate and according to the interpersonal discussions among the participants; it was evident that the stakeholders present were eager to take up the initiative of pushing the recommendations into a reality. Upon conclusion of his speech, the keynote speaker allowed the participants to air their questions which were promptly answered Critical Reflections The speakers’ speech was outlined and delivered to the requirements of the Massachusetts Organization of Nurse Executives who had organized the conference. In clearly defined detail, the conference topic, â€Å"Effective Mentoring; Nursing Leadership Practices after Training Completion and development skills for charge nurses,† was extensively addressed and all the stakeholders present were given a challenge of developing some sort of mentoring program that will help in nurturing the leadership skills of graduating nurses. Guided by the conference topic, Crawford presented the leadership debate convincingly through diving his content into leadership issues and the most effective ways and the role played b communication in ensuring one was efficient in their position as a leader. The adoption of a Good Old Boy presentation style of communication was effective considering that the participants at the conference were his peers and this coupled with his use of visual aids t o deliver his speech ensured a good delivery CITATION Was10 l 1033 (Waskett, 2010). Implications for Professional Nursing Practice The conference proceedings were influential in answering good number of concerns that those in the nursing environment experience in their workplace which generally affect the outcomes of the job. A good number of problems are associated with the nursing charge position such as poor description of the jobs being delegated to others, irresponsibility experienced with the an increase in the duties appended to a particular individual at the workplace and most importantly the lack of necessary knowledge on how to undertake leadership positions. Personally, the conference furnished with important knowledge of I was previously ignorant on: the role of communication for leadership. It was evident that as a charge nurse, I need to be not only authoritarian when it came to decision-making situations but also involvement and listening to other nurses will help with ensuring that a diverse pool of ideas are available to ensure an easy decision-making process. At the same time, involving other i n decision-making ensured that they felt part of the organization that they were more motivated to perform their tasks effectively CITATION Gar09 l 1033 (Garvey, Stokes, & Megginson, 2009). As a leader, I have the mandate of ensuring and facilitating the learning process of other junior nurses at the workplace through the more refined method of mentoring. With respect to developing a mentoring platform for graduating nurses, it is important to ensure that all nurses at the workplace are under a senior guardian at the workplace who will ensure that the nurses are given lessons and guidance on how to communicate effectively at the workplace thus preparing them for future leadership positions. References   Anthony, M., Standing, T., Glick, J., Duffy, M., Paschall, F., Sauer, M., et al. (2013). Leadership and nurse retention: The pivotal role of nurse leaders. Journal for Nursing Adminstartion, 146-155. Association, A. N. (2009). Nurse leaders pass measures on disastser planning . Washington DC: American Nurses Association . Garvey, B., Stokes, P., & Megginson, D. (2009). Coaching and Mentoring: Theory and Practice. London: SAGE Publications . Girvin, J. (2012). Leadership and nursing: Part two: styles of leadership. Nursing and Managment , 20-22. Thurston, B. (2012, August 24). Annual Conference on Nursing leadership 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2014, from Massachusetts Organization of Nurse Executives : http://www.mooneleadership.org/ Waskett, C. (2010). Clinical supervision using the 4S model 1: Considering the structure and setting it up . Nursing Times , 12-14. Source document

Labor Issues in Political Election essays

Labor Issues in Political Election essays Dine, Philip. "AFL-CIO backs Kerry amid signs of labor's declining influence." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 19 Feb, 2004. Rarely is the American union worker more influential than during a presidential election. This is especially evident right now, while the contest between President George W. Bush and Democratic front-runner John Kerry heats up. This article discusses the endorsement by the AFL-CIO in mid-February of John Kerry, who is running on a pro-union platform of "jobs, health care and fair trade." The union giant has only twice before endorsed candidates during the primaries, both of which went on to lose the November election: Walter Mondale and Al Gore. But the AFL-CIO feels strongly enough this year to support Kerry in a "desire to unseat President George W. Bush, whom it regards as the most anti-union president in decades." The textbook states that the AFL-CIO's power is actually limited, but its membership still represents solidarity of influential union voters. Unions generally vote Democratic, since the Democratic candidates are typically more "pro-labor" than Republicans. Even the White House admitted as much, by saying that labor has "historically supported Democrats." And the endorsement of Kerry last month comes because of the AFL-CIO's contention that "Kerry is the most electable Democrat - and that labor can help in primaries in industrial states such as New York and Ohio." At the time this article was written, John Edwards was still in the hunt for a Democratic nomination, and this article discusses Edwards' labor plan compared to Kerry's. Political experts wondered why the AFL-CIO chose to put its support behind Kerry this early, when Edwards was the one who strongly criticized NAFTA during the primaries. Internal discord in unions is also a problem, according to the textbook, and this may result in the defection of the rank-and-file membe ...

buy custom FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc essay

buy custom FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc essay In the recent years, the urge of owning up a business as compared to be in a formal employment has drastically increased. This has resulted from reduced employment chances in industries, government offices, and Non-governmental organisation among other notable organisations. To most of up coming entrepreneurs, they face the challenge of lack of capital, reduced levels of knowhow and increased competitions from well-established firms. Ebbena Johnson defines entrepreneurs as risk takers who are innovative and see the world a bit differently from others and customers are their own bosses. One of the most successful companies, which started from humble grounds and later conquered the global market, known as FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc (FWC). The company headquarters is in Pretoria, South Africa and headed by Peter Nguish as the firms CEO. In order to understand the operations of FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc, I carried out an interview with the firms CEO. What size is your business? My business is big in terms of daily deliveries across the globe, capital base, employees and annual revenues. For instances, FWC has branches in over 60 countries in different parts of the world and is listed in the Fortune 1000 How many employees are there? I have more than 500 employees across the globe, although 40% of these employees are African continent, as it served as the domestic market, before going global. Why did you decide to go into business for yourself? The main reason for undertaking this venture by my self is the fact that, most of people whom I approached to collaborate with refused to do so, as they viewed this as a risky venture. For most of the courier services started in South Africa, 60% of them end up collapsing due to lack of adequate strategic planning. How many years have you been in business? I have been in business for eleven years, four in the domestic market and the rest in interational markets. What is the main product or service that you sell? FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc is service industry running programs such as FedRex Express, which the largest segment, FedRex Ground, FedEx Express, which the largest segment, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight, FedEx Custom Critical among other smaller segments, FedRex Custom Critical among other smaller segments. For instance, FedRex Ground deals with all ground deliveries, while FedRex Freight deals with all air deliveries. Who was your first client? My first customer was South African government, who gave me tender to transport building material from Johannesburg to Pretoria. Who are your customers? Due to the fact that FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc is a global firm, I have clients from all regions, but 60% of customers are mainly government institutions. Currently am delivering different merchandises to more than 16 government institutions in countries such as Brazil, Kenya, Britain, Chile, and Canada among others. To these government institutions, construction materials are the main products I deliver to them as they are mostly in developing economies. An overview of the business and the owner FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc is one of the most successful courier companies in the 21st century. The firm has adopted the right strategic planning aspects, such as staffing and customer services, all of which has helped the firm to conquer the international markets. The CEO has employed managerial methods, thus motivating the employees and enabling the firm to integrate with community it serves. One of the connections between the owner and business profile is focus on business enlargement to international markets, thus more profitability levels. I was surprised by the owners background due to its large presence in more than 60 countries globally, despite its humble background in Pretoria. This analysis is a clear indicator that of the fact that, entrepreneurs should be ready to take risk on business ventures they may wish to get in to. Through strategic planning, entrepreneurs to achieve the expected results, despite the prevailing market condition. 2. Owner profile Do you enjoy working for yourself? Why? I really enjoy working by working by my self. The main reason for this is the fact that, I can make quick decisions regarding the business, thus averting any possible managerial crises that may take place. What are two advantages of owning your own business? One of the main advantages of owning the business was the few legal requirements, which was required at the initial stage as compared to if the business was a form of partnership. Further, I enjoy all the profits made by the company. What are two disadvantages of owning your own business? One of the main disadvantages facing the firm is the fact that all decision making mostly rest on my shoulders as the business owner. Further, incur all looses made by the firm. How did you prepare for your business? Did you receive specific training or a degree? In order to start the business, I approached financial institutions such as Investec Bank Limited, Sasfin Bank Limited among other notable institutions for financial advice. They gave me ideas on how to write and prepare a business proposal, which was vital for staring the business. How do you stay current with innovations and technologies in your industry and for your business? To stay competitive, both in the domestic and international markets, my business have adopted modern technologies such as location merchandise through online process. Further, the firm is using contemporary means of marketing through social networking sites such as Twitter, Face book among others. Buy custom FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc essay

Clarifying your goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Clarifying your goals - Essay Example Wisdom and knowledge will help me to make suitable decisions in my personal and professional context. Knowledge and wisdom will ensure my contribution towards my profession significantly (Por & Molloy, 2000). In order to enhance my wisdom and knowledge level, I am required to identify a rational objective of my goal. In this regard, the milestones for achieving my objectives will be time management and innovation. The milestones will aid in developing my creativity skills to develop and enhance my personal as well as professional knowledge base (Por & Molloy, 2000). I will need around four months to enhance my wisdom and knowledge level. During this four months period, I will learn more about the changing technologies of modern era, which will ensure my efficiency level by possessing adequate knowledge about the modern technologies used in different business operations. In a similar manner, the time management skill will assist in building my creativeness. I am required to look for a mentor, who will assists me in developing my competencies for accomplishing mu objectives effectively. Moreover, I have developed an action plan in order to ensure that I accomplish my goal successfully (Por & Molloy, 2000). I have identified that to ensure my goal, I will require a mentor to teach me the techniques based on which I will be able to accomplish my objectives successfully, so that I become competent for my MBA program and professional life. Accordingly, I have developed a time line, which will aid me in accomplishing my desired objectives and goal within stipulated

Johnthan Edward 1703-1758 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Johnthan Edward 1703-1758 - Essay Example Such beliefs lead us all toward a common good and teach us a better way of life. Religion is also quite complex and difficult, at times, to understand. Theologians attempt to make sense of this difficult subject in an effort to bring people closer to an understanding of the divine nature of the world. While many such famous theologians come from Europe, Jonathan Edwards was born and raised right here in America and is still consider to be one the greatest and most intellectual theologians that ever lived. Jonathan Edwards lived a relatively short life of only 55 years. During his life, however, he contributed many things to American culture, and to the spiritual lives of people around the world. He was quite a smart child, entering Yale College when he was only 13 years old. At that time, Yale was still a seminary instructing students with a Biblical background. During his college years, he quickly began his career as a spiritual and theological writer and graduated as the Valedictor ian in his class. By the time he graduated, he seemed to have already formulated a philosophy of life that he would use as the foundation of his future writings that are still well read today. What follows is a brief, yet thorough, description of the theological and intellectual influence of John Edwards on America. The Writings of Jonathan Edward Jonathan Edwards spend much of his time leading various churches in the Connecticut and New York area. In early adulthood, he learned a lot from his grandfather, who was seen as a spiritual man in the New England area. His grandfather, then, had a huge influence on the philosophy that Edwards would begin to adopt through his studies at Yale and beyond. Not only did people in New England really like Edwards as a person, his great influence probably came from his writings. He wrote volumes of books in intellectual and theological topics during his all to short life. As Phillip Sinitiere wrote, â€Å"Edwards was known both from his large net work or correspondents and through his voluminous writing ministry† (744). He wrote about such concepts as the extent of sin, the importance of ethics and virtue, they dynamics of the human will, and the nature of mission work (Sinitiere 745). There are many scholars who contend that Jonathan Edwards is America’s greatest philosophical theologian. This would put him up there with such European philosophers as Martin Luther. More than being just a theologian, however, it should be pointed out the Edwards contributed a great deal to the intellect of those who read his works. His writings were both deep and profound. Many people still study his works because they are complex, yet so revealing about the world in which we live. It is amazing any time someone who lived 300 years ago is still mentioned today. Edwards is not only mentioned, but studied as if he is still around and living today. That speaks volumes of the respect he must have had while he lived, worked, and wrot e in the New England area. As people continue to study the various writings of Jonathan Edwards, they have discovered that he spoke a great deal about ethics. This conversation is still as relevant today as it was when he first wrote. Philip Quin wrote that Edwards ha â€Å"something to contribute to contemporary conversations and debates in ethics† (300). This shows us that people today are still discussing his view on ethics. Conversations about ethics are

The film A Streetcar Named Desire from the silent film era through the Essay

The film A Streetcar Named Desire from the silent film era through the 1950s - Essay Example Stella is married to Stanley played by Marlon Brando and they are expecting a child. Stanley and Blanche are the two central characters of this movie. The story gradually becomes interesting as friction begins to develop between Stanley and Blanche. Stanley being an uncouth, randy, sweaty and rough character does not like Stella very much which ultimately leads to immoral and violent depictions in the movie. The movie received a lot of criticism upon its release regarding the vulgarity and decadence depicted in it. Brando’s performance as Stanley is hailed as one the best performances in the history of American cinema. Brando was able to represent the exact nature of Stanley in front of the viewers. Stanley had to be uncouth yet attractive to women and Marlon Brando was just the man for that. This paper will analyze Marlon Brando’s acting skills in this movie. Later on, these skills and tools will be associated with the method acting presented by Uta Hagen in her book R espect for Acting. Stanley wears shirts that reveal his muscles and sweat; he drinks and smokes in a greedy fashion yet he possesses a grace in his personality. He is gentle in his own sense. Brando played this character in very realistic manner. He gave the character true raw emotions. His style in this movie is said to have influenced the Hollywood film industry so much that it inspired many artists such as Sean Penn, Jack Nicholson and James Dean. Before Brando’s performance in this movie, no matter how violent the emotions in acting may be, audience could always spot a hint of modesty in it. Brando left a mark on acting style that was adopted by Hollywood and embraced by the audience immediately. Brando portrayed more than just the violent nature of the character. Every single action of the Brando in this character feels as real as his anger outbursts. Moreover, Brando was able to pull off this role with such delicacy that he left a lot of fragments of Stanley’s pe rsonality for the audience to interpret. There are instances where the audience cannot easily interpret the actions of Stanley because there is no apparent cause for the way he behaves and this makes the audience wonder about the life of the character which ultimately leads to the development of sympathy towards characters. The character shows that it has much more than just his raw violent outbursts and callous behavior (Ebert). Brando sank in this character so well that the audience could not view Stanley and Brando as two different individuals. In fact, Brando himself became the character and was soon associated with Stanley. The charms of his acting can be measured by the fact that the audience started learning to develop sympathy for film characters after this movie. Brando presented Stanley to the audience in a manner that would distress them but this distress is accompanied by enticement. The audience fell in love with a loathsome character. The charm of the character overpow ered them. Brando’s sexual appeal and charms superseded Stanley’s uncouth and rowdy behavior. If we take the audience out of picture, even then it would be hard to separate the two entities as they resolved well together. It seems that Brando did not make any effort playing this character. He was so at ease that it appears Stanley is a part of Brando’s personality. Such realistic acting comes from specific methodologies that involve the resolution of the character and the actor. Unlike the conventional acting of the rest of the cast of the movie, Brando’

Jane Eyre Female Characters Essay Example for Free

Jane Eyre Female Characters Essay â€Å"Though restrained by social convention, the passions of the female characters emerge with great force. † In the light of this comment, discuss Bronte’s presentation of female characters. Bronte presents the female characters in many different ways. One early example we see of this in chapter one is Jane’s passion as you speaks out a John. â€Å"You are like a murderer – you are like a slave-driver – you are like the Roman emperors! † This is the first time we see Jane’s true passion as she is speaking out to John. By doing so, she is breaking the social norms of that time. At the beginning of chapter two we see how Bronte presents Jane as being a lower class and status than her cousin John, which would have been very common at the time, where females were seen as being less important than men. â€Å"Miss Eyre, to strike a young gentleman, your benefactress’s son! Your master. Master! How is he my master? Am I a servant? No; you are less than a servant, you do nothing for your keep† We see here that Jane is seen as being less than a servant, whereas John is known as The Master. We also see in this quote that Jane speaks out to the title given to John â€Å"Master† How is he my master? Am I a servant† Most children would just accept this and day nothing but through Jane saying this we see that Bronte is presenting her to being different, not just form the Reed family but to most children at this time. When Jane is locked in the Red Room we see more of her passion when she says â€Å"Unjust! – Unjust† rather than accepting her punishment. We see this side of Jane a lot in the early stages of the novel. We see how Jane is angry, rebellious and hungry for adventure. Charlotte Bronte saw the novel as lifting the lid on an English that was built on violence on the young and vulnerable. It also relates to the position of women at the time in which the book came out. Even though there was a Queen on the throne at this time, it made no difference to the legal and economic position of other women. They had little more power than children. Women couldn’t vote and there were no laws in favour of them. Legally a woman belonged to her nearest male relative. When married any property she owned is given to her husband as well does any money she had. Even middle class women had little rights. They allowed no economically productive careers and they were not permitted to go to university. A middle class woman was expected to stay at home until she married, then once married they were expected to stay at home and look after her new family. For woman of this time to have so little rights, it truly would have shocked some people to see Jane’s passion, to say such things to her male counterparts was seen as bad coming from a girl but from a child made it even more shocking. We see how this is backed up by the early critical reviews and how the novel was received. Despite it being a bestseller, Victorian critics did not like it Jane Eyre’s strong minded independence and many thought the novel was coarse. The novel was also blamed for the corruption of contemporary tastes and morality. Most critics felt that there was something dangerous in the novel’s underlying message, while Jane Eyre was godless and unrestrained. The Reed family are very much detestable. They treat Jane as a nobody and as we only see them from Jane’s point of view it’s hard to see any good in them! Mrs Reed hates Jane because she has been foisted upon them by a lying wish made by Mr Reed, in which he made Mrs Reed promise to treat Jane as her own, a promise in which Mrs Reed breaks. The Reeds show us how Jane is a social outcast and her response to them demonstrates how she blankly refuses to accept her. The fact that Jane has no money makes the Reeds look down on her, it makes her less important than them as they are a wealthy family. We see a good example of this on page 13 when John speaks: â€Å"You have no business to take our books; you are a dependent, mamma says; you have no money; you family left you none; you ought to beg, and not to live here with gentleman’s children like us, and eat the same meals we do, and wear clothes at our mamma’s expense. † In this cruel speech by John directed a Jane we see how social class in this time and more particular in Jane’s case causes her to be completely separated from being anything like the Reed family. John’s speech is something like a man would say, not a fourteen year old talking to his ten year old cousin. The above quote is the perfect summary of the plight of Jane under the reign of the Reed family at Gateshead.

Nursing Role in Elderly Person Discharge Planning

Nursing Role in Elderly Person Discharge Planning Title: Critically discuss the role of the nurse in the planning and implementation of safe discharge for the hospitalised elderly person. 1. define your understanding of discharge planning linking it to the ageing process and the reasons why older people are more susceptible to poor discharge planning. The NHS is effectively a rationed service with a finite limit on its resources. Coast points out that one of the major limiting factors which determines the overall ability of the NHS to deliver appropriate healthcare is the number of beds which are available at any given time (Coast et al. 1996) A direct consequence of this statement is the realisation that the availability of beds in the NHS as a whole is a reflection on the bed occupancy and also the efficiency with which potential patients can get into these beds. (Costain et al. 1992). It also directly follows that the efficiency with which patients can be safely discharged back into the community (or to other destinations) has a profound impact on the overall availability of beds for new patients. A patient’s discharge is ultimately dependent on an enormous number of interdependent variables, not the least of which are their physical, mental, emotional and financial state. (Gould et al. 1995). Clearly other factors such as their support networks and the availability of appropriate carers may play a critical role. If we accept that the elderly are more likely to be dependent as a demographic group, then it is clear that all of these issues must be addressed in a timely and positive fashion before a typical elderly patient can be safely discharged from hospital. If we accept that it is not ideal or practical for all of these factors to be assessed by one healthcare professional, then best practice would suggest that it is appropriate to assimilate information that is available from a number of different agencies in order to allow a proper evidence based decision to be made. (Sackett, 1996). Common clinical practice is to invoke the help of a multidisciplinary discharge team. In the context of this essay, we should note that the elderly may face a number of different discharge options and the multidisciplinary discharge team should ideally consider all of them as appropriate. We shall not discuss them all in detail here, but provide an overview of the most commonly utilised options. Victor Nazareth (et al 1994) point to the fact that multidisciplinary discharge planning may be subsumed by expediency in some cases where some immediately attractive schemes such as discharge to a nursing home may be employed as it requires only a modest investment of planning time but effectively shifts the patient sideways out of an acute hospital bed. Such options may appear to be attractive in the short term but the implications for the elderly patient and their family can be profound if they are not explored properly prior to discharge. (Stojcevic N et al. 1996) Some centres utilise the mechanism of nurse-led inpatient rehabilitation care for the elderly who no longer require medical attention, but this does not address the issue of releasing hospital beds. (Steiner 1997) The elderly, as a group, may frequently fall into a category where they are not quite well enough or independent enough to be discharged home but yet are not really ill enough to remain in hospital. (Closs et al. 1995). In these circumstances the multidisciplinary discharge team may consider the option of a Hospital at Home which acts effectively as a transition stage where help at an enhanced level can be provided in the short term which allows the elderly patient to be safely discharged from hospital thereby releasing the bed for another acutely ill patient and the original patient can recuperate in their own home until well. (Fulop et al. 1997) Martin points to the fact that, in order to be effective, a multidisciplinary discharge team needs to ensure that appropriate facilities are put in place in a timely fashion prior to patient discharge. (Martin et al 1994). Failure to do this will render the whole scheme less than optimally effective, as the patients may not get the full range of appropriate facilities, not derive appropriate benefit and this may culminate in premature or unnecessary readmission to hospital, which is effectively a waste of resources. (Pound et al. 1995) Richards (et al 1998) has provided an exemplary tour de force of the issue with a randomised controlled trial of a large cohort of patients. Their main outcome markers were, excess mortality, quality of life, cost and patient acceptability. (Coast et al. 1998) The paper is actually both long and detailed but the main findings were that all of the parameters that were measured (with one exception), showed no adverse effect of an early discharge. The differences were that there was a greater expression of patient satisfaction with the Hospital at Home scheme. (Wilson et al 1997) 2. Anatomy and physiology of the ageing process should be briefly explained. The anatomy and physiology of aging are two subjects which are specialties in themselves and we do not presume to attempt to cover them in any detail in this essay. Russell points out that older adults are not simply a more aged version of a younger adult, they have distinct metabolic and anatomical differences that alter (for example) their nutritional requirements. As humans age their variability in nutritional need becomes greater rather than narrower. (Russell R M 2000). This type of change can be demonstrated in the fact that the older adult generally maintains their ability to absorb macronutrients well into advanced years but they loose the ability to absorb a wide variety of micronutrients. (van Asselt D Z et al. 1998) Other areas where the aging adult is demonstrably different from the young adult is in the state of their DNA which undergoes progressive oxidation from free radicals throughout life. This has repercussions with regard to a number of disease processes such as diabetes mellitus and many types of cancer. (Gilchrest B A et al. 1997) There appears to be a pre-programmed reduction in mitochondria content of tissues as they age. This is manifest in a number of clinical ways. Reduced strength and energy together with muscle wasting are frequent accompaniments of advancing years and may be one of the most significant factors in the rehabilitation of the elderly person. (Navarro A et al. 2007) 3. In this assignment it is important to define and discuss your understanding of ageism and ageist attitudes in relation to appropriate discharge planning. There are many studies which explore the subject of ageism in clinical practice. They reveal a stereotypical belief that older people are â€Å"dull, disagreeable, inactive, and economically burdensome† (Spence D L et al. 1998 These attitudes are still encountered in some healthcare professionals who may categorise lives into discrete stages as a means of charting progress. The expression â€Å"Act your age† suggests that one has to comply with the cultural (rather than biological) expectations of a stage in life. These stages are commonly associated with economic power with the 40s and 50s usually being considered to be the pinnacle of life as such people tend to have good health and are most likely to have robust financial resources. (Schroots J J F 1998) Engendering positive feelings about older people will help to produce a climate of better care for the elderly. (Puckett J M et al. 1999) In terms of the multidisciplinary discharge team, one should clearly be aware of the fact that the elderly have different needs, requirements and abilities. The belief that this equates with a lesser status and a lower level of expectation should be actively challenged. There is no rational reason to expect an 80 yr old to be less entitled to dignity and a good quality of life than a 30 yr old. If we consider the Rudd study (Rudd et al 1997) we can point to a hard evidence base to support the concept that active multidisciplinary discharge planning can actually produce an improvement in the quality of life indicators for the elderly if ageist stereotypes are actively challenged. It is fair to observe that this particular study utilised a particularly wide-ranging and apparently forward thinking multidisciplinary discharge team, but the results achieved are impressive by any analysis. 4. Explore the role of the nurse in relation to multi disciplinary team working in planning safe discharge. By its very nature, the multidisciplinary discharge team is made up of members from a number of clinical disciplines. The role of the nurse is multifactorial. Very often the nurse is the lead organiser in the team. (Lindley et al 1995). In addition to this, the professional role of the nurse often will allow a special insight into the dynamics of the caring and support networks outside of the hospital environment. It is part of the professional nursing requirement that the nurse should also act as the patient advocate (in common with other clinical disciplines) and as such should speak up for the patient if she believes that a clinical or social need is being unfulfilled. (Roper et al. 1983) 5. consider the psychological psychosocial impact that appropriate discharge planning could have on the older person and their family. Because of the increased likelihood of physical frailty, secondary morbidity and financial insecurity in this demographic group, increased dependence is more likely to be found in the elderly. This dependence is almost certain to be increased in the short term in the immediate aftermath of a hospitalisation. This will inevitably have a significant impact on the psychological well-being of both the patient and their carers. Depression is commonly seen (but less commonly recognised) in the elderly as they may struggle to cope with the demands of daily living which are also likely to be more acute after as in-patient spell. (Roper et al. 1983). Anxiety is another commonly experienced entity in both the patient and their carers as, to a degree, if planning has not been adequately carried out or inadequately explained, they may be concerned about how they are going to manage. Intuitively one can suggest that both of these factors can be significantly reduced with appropriate pre-discharge planning and intervention. (Drummond et al. 1995). 6. Appraise strategies in health promotion and rehabilitation with regard to discharge planning that can assist the older person and their family. This is potentially a vast area as there are a great many papers which have looked at the efficacy of the multidisciplinary discharge team in the discharge planning process. As illustrative examples we can consider some of them. The Mahoney paper suggests that the basic minimum input for a multidisciplinary discharge team should be a nurse and an occupational therapist and that these core workers should have the ability and discretion to co-opt additional specialists such as physiotherapists, geriatricians, social workers and psychologists as they feel appropriate. (Mahoney et al 1965) Specific types of patient discharge may require specific modifications of the basic plan. Ball produced a tour de force in his paper on discharge of the elderly from a coronary care unit, (Ball et al. 2003) where patients were allowed to go home earlier than they might normally have been allowed home but with the proviso that specific teams of specialist nurses were available to reassess the patient in their own home and consider direct readmission if required. The team referred to in this study was comparatively unusual insofar as it was comprised six nursing staff but with different skills and experience and they referred the patients to other members of the team only if they felt that more expert input was required. Many papers consider the role of the occupational therapist as a specific and vital entity in the discharge planning process. Gilbertson (et al. 2000) considered the various impacts that each individual professional had on the overall effectiveness of the eventual discharge and came to the conclusion that the impact of the discharge process (as measured by the Barthel quality of life indicator) was influenced by the input of the occupational therapist more than by any other individual category of healthcare professional. In making this statement, we should note that the authors were conducting a study into the discharge of stroke patients and therefore their findings may not be completely generalsable across the entire spectrum of patient discharge. We should also note that these benefits, which were detailed at some length in the analysis section of the trial, were only demonstrable on a comparatively short term basis. Their six month follow up after discharge showed that the patients had returned to the pre-admission status of quality of life. This, in itself, should not be considered as a negative finding as ultimately, it is one of the purposes of hospital admission to try to maintain or improve a patient’s quality of life In passing, we should also note that the Logan study (Logan P A et al. 1997) produced a similar trial structure and concluded that the Social Worker had an equally important part to play in the successful discharge of the patient. 7. your discussions should address inter disciplinary practice, relevant research and government policies (including the national service framework for older people). Discussion There are a great many studies that have been consulted in preparation for this essay. An overview would suggest that it is best practice to carefully assess, consider and then implement an appropriate discharge package for each patient. This has the advantage of minimising physical, psychological and practical trauma for the patient and their carers but also, (as Hensher observes) it can reduce the incidence of readmission in the immediate post-discharge period. (Hensher N et al. 1999) The National Service Framework for the elderly makes a number of good practice recommendations together with targets and goals that have a specific impact on the whole of the discharge process. (Rouse et al. 2001). Arguably one of the most significant recommendations is the implementation of the multidisciplinary discharge team process although there is no specific recommendation as to how the team should be comprised. A number of papers have examined the impact of the various differential structures of the teams and have come to differing conclusions. We have cited some of these already but some, such as the huge STUC trial suggest that, in specific consideration of the elderly, the prime determinant of whether a patient was going to eventually cope at home or not was their ability to transfer â€Å"successfully and reliably† from chair to chair and to a large extent, this was dependent on the availability of physiotherapy input. (STUC 1997) To conclude, we should perhaps detail the structure and facilities of the â€Å"ideal† discharge team as outlined by the STUC authors. A hospital based outpatient clinic, geriatric day hospital, generic domicillary physiotherapy and speech and language therapy, hospital outpatient physiotherapy, and the usual community resources. The maximum level of home care available in the study area to all patients was three one hour visits daily by a home help for personal care, meals on wheels, and community nurse visits for specific tasks. In addition this paper also quotes details of the additional measures that were also available for the patients:- Patients randomised to the community therapy team remained in hospital until the required package of social services care could be organised and any home adaptations undertaken whereas a store of commodes, high chairs, and toilet frames was kept by the team to expedite discharge. The patients were assessed for rehabilitation needs before discharge in conjunction with the hospital based therapists to set initial objectives and to ensure continuity of care. After discharge, patients were given a planned course of domiciliary physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, with visits as frequently as considered appropriate (maximum one daily visit from each therapist). In addition to all this input, the paper comments that each patient was assessed by the team on a weekly basis for up to three months to ensure optimum utilisation of resources The team’s input base was detailed as:- i) Senior physiotherapist grade 1 with neurological training, ii) Senior occupational therapist grade 1, iii) Speech and language therapist, iv) Therapy aide. v) Nurse vi) Consultant physician To conclude, we can consider a very valid point made by Haines (T P et al. 2004) who suggests that if proper multidisciplinary assessments take place in admission units as well as prior to patient discharge, it is quite possible that some cases may not actually need hospital admission in the first instance. References Ball, Kirkby Williams, (20030 Effect of the critical care outreach team on patient survival to discharge from hospital and readmission to critical care: non-randomised population based study. BMJ 2003 ; 327 : 1014 (1 November), Closs S J, Stewart L S P, Brand E, Currie C T. (1995) A scheme of early supported discharge for elderly trauma patients the views of patients, carers and community staff. Br J Occup Ther 1995 ; 58 : 373 376. Coast J, Inglis A, Frankel S. (1996) Alternatives to hospital care: what are they and who should decide. BMJ 1996 ; 312 : 162 166 Costain D, Warner M, eds. (1992) From hospital to home care. London : Kings Fund, 1992. Drummond A E R, Walker M F. (1995) A randomised controlled trial of leisure rehabilitation. Clin Rehab 1995 ; 9 : 283 290. Fulop N J, Hood S, Parsons S. (1997) Does the National Health Service want hospital at home? J R Soc Med 1997 ; 90 : 212 215 Gilbertson, Peter Langhorne, Andrew Walker, Ann Allen, and Gordon D Murray (2000) Domiciliary occupational therapy for patients with stroke discharged from hospital: randomised controlled trial. BMJ, Mar 2000 ; 320 : 603 606 ; Gilchrest B A and VA Bohr (1997) Aging processes, DNA damage, and repair. The FASEB Journal, Vol 11, 322 330, 1997 Gould M M, Iliffe S. (1995) Hospital at home: a case study in service development. Br J Health Care Manage 1995 ; 1 : 809 812. Haines T P, Kim L Bennell, Richard H Osborne, and Keith D Hill (2004) Effectiveness of targeted falls prevention programme in subacute hospital setting: randomised controlled trial. BMJ, Mar 2004 ; 328 : 676 ; Hensher, N. Fulop, J. Coast, and E. Jefferys (1999) The hospital of the future: Better out than in? Alternatives to acute hospital care. BMJ, October 23, 1999 ; 319 (7217) : 1127 1130. Lindley R I, Amayo E O, Marshall J, Sandercock P A G, Dennis M, Warlow C P. (1995) Hospital services for patients with acute stroke in the United Kingdom: the Stroke Association survey of consultant opinion. Age Ageing 1995 ; 24 : 525 32. Logan P A, Gladman J R F, Lincoln N B. (1997) A randomised controlled trial of enhanced social service occupational therapy for stroke patients. Clin Rehab 1997 ; 11 : 107 113 Mahoney F I, Barthel D W. (1965) Functional evaluation: the Barthel index. Maryland State Med J 1965 ; 14 : 61 65. Martin F, Oyewole A, Maloney A. (1994) A randomised controlled trial of a high support hospital discharge team for elderly people. Age Ageing 1994 ; 23 : 228 34. Navarro A. Boveris A (2007) The mitochondrial energy transduction system and the aging process. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292 : C670 C686, 2007 Pound P, Bury M, Gompertz P, Ebrahim S. (1995) Stroke patients views on their admission to hospital. BMJ 1995 : 311 : 18 22. Puckett J M, Petty R E, Cacioppo J T, Fischer D L. (1999) The relative impact of age and attractiveness stereotypes on persuasion. J Gerontol. 1999 ; 38 : 340 343. Richards, Joanna Coast, David J Gunnell, Tim J Peters, John Pounsford, and Mary-Anne Darlow (1998) Randomised controlled trial comparing effectiveness and acceptability of an early discharge, hospital at home scheme with acute hospital care. BMJ, Jun 1998 ; 316 : 1796 – 1801 Roper Logan Tierney (1983) Using a model for nursing. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone 1983 Rouse, Jolley, and Read (2001) National service frameworks. BMJ, Dec 2001 ; 323 : 1429. Rudd, Charles D A Wolfe, Kate Tilling, and Roger Beech (1997) Randomised controlled trial to evaluate early discharge scheme for patients with stroke. BMJ, Oct 1997 ; 315 : 1039 – 1044 Russell R M (2000) The aging process as a modifier of metabolism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 72, No. 2, 529S 532s, August 2000 Sackett, (1996). Doing the Right Thing Right: Is Evidence-Based Medicine the Answer? Ann Intern Med, Jul 1996 ; 127 : 91 94. Schroots J J F. (1998) On growing, formative change, and aging. In : Birren J E, Bengston V L, eds. Emergent Theories of Aging. New York, NY : Springer-Verlag; 1998. Spence D L, Feigenbaum E M, Fitzgerald F, Roth J. (1998) Medical student attitudes toward the geriatric patient. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998 ;16 : 976 983. Steiner A.(1997) Intermediate care: a conceptual framework and review of the literature. London: Kings Fund, 1997. Stojcevic N, Wilkinson P, Wolfe C. (1996) Outcome measurement in stroke patients. In: Wolfe C, Rudd T, Beech R, eds. Stroke services and research. London: The Stroke Association, 1996. STUC (1997) Stroke Unit Trialists Collaboration. Collaborative systematic review of the randomised trials of organised inpatient (stroke unit) care after stroke. BMJ 1997 ; 314 : 1151 8. van Asselt D Z, de Groot L C, van Staveren W A, et al. (1998) Role of cobalamin intake and atrophic gastritis in mild cobalamin deficiency in older Dutch subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1998 ; 68 : 328 – 34. Victor C, Nazareth B, Hudson M, Fulop N.(1994) The inappropriate use of acute hospital beds in an inner London District Health Authority. Health Trends 1994 ; 25 (3) : 94 97. Wilson A, Parker H, Wynn A, Jones J, Spiers N, Jagger C, et al. (1997) Hospital at home is as safe as hospital, cheaper, and patients like it more: early results from a randomised controlled trial. Society for Social Medicine abstracts. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997 ; 51 : 593.